,#,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,#,Cultural,features,Longinus,and his,On the Sublime,Horace,and his,Art of Poetry,Ancient,Roman,Literary,Thoughts,Cultural featuresLonginus Hora,1,Cultural features,What are the cultural features of the time?,宗教因素为例,希腊化的产物,强调“模仿古人”，以希腊古典为范本,但这一模仿与希腊文化不同，它更精致化、文雅化、肤浅化、公式化,Cultural featuresWhat are the,2,Horace and his,Art of Poetry,The person,The literary thought in,Art of Poetry,The influence,Horace and his Art of PoetryTh,3,The person,Who is Horace?,Quintus Horatius Flaccus,(Venusia,December 8,65 BC Rome,November 27,8 BC),known in the English-speaking world as,Horace,was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus.,Horace is generally considered to stand alongside Virgil and Ovid as one of the greatest poets of the Augustan Age.,The personWho is Horace?,4,The literary thoughts,Horace was the classicist who established the classical sets of belief rules and orders,restraint and correct expression.He wished,that the writer should choose correct and right words;,that he should use meters maintaining their appropriateness;,that he should be able to choose a proper subject;,that he should make use of proper poetic diction;,and that he should follow the rules of ancient arts.Alexandrian influence can be noted in his demand for careful workmanship and polish and order and organization.Moreover,for that he says an artist is always a craft man who using his architectural genius maintains decorum and urbanity in his work of art.,The literary thoughtsHorace wa,5,For Horace,a writer must choose a subject within his power and appropriate to his gifts;,he must say at any given moment what needs to be said,and no more.,He must choose vocabulary,meter and form that are right for his subject,whether noble,exciting,erotic or joyous.,He warns against extravagant implausibility and incongruities.Indeed the prevailing emphasis throughout is on the need for consistency,coherence and seemliness.,It is the writers business to refine and polish his text that the highest standards of propriety and artistry are maintained.,However,Horace demands a craft mans skill in an artist;he does not utterly neglect the role of natural talent in art.In fact,he is insisting on a complementary relationship between learned artistry and genius.,For Horace,a writer must choo,6,His Art for poetry can also he read as a useful advice to the perspective writers.It remained an influential document or a Bible for esp.Boileau,Pope,Eliot and Fyre.,He equates poetry with painting.In poetry,words are like various colors that are put beautifully.He focuses on,decorum,in poetry i.e.the rightness of each part to the whole.There should be the harmony of each parts of poetry to the whole.These ideas become laws for neo-classical writers.He outlines the following points to be in good poetry so that the pragmatic effect of poetry can be achieved.,His Art for poetry can also h,7,His thoughts on literature,Unity and simplicity of forms,Form and content matched,Appropriateness of meter,Consistency of characters,Style(Starting and ending),Prolepsis(flash back),Analepsis(foreshadowing),Anachronistic(random),His thoughts on literatureUnit,8,Unity and simplicity of forms:,What is unity and simplicity of forms?,Simplicity refers to lucidity that is everyone understands.,Unity is the perfect combination of beginning,middle and ending.,Everything should be matching so that it creates,decorum,and the sense of propriety.(Correctnes+Suitable),Unity and simplicity of forms:,9,Form and content matched,What is proper?Decorum?,The style should be proper.By proper,he means that the trivial and serious matters should not be written in grand style.,And in the same way,the treatment of serious matter should not be in trivial form.,Therefore,form and content should be matched.Poets and painters should not create monotony by showing dolphin in the forest and elephant in the sea.Such unnatural combination fails to teach and give the delight.,Form and content matchedWhat i,10,Appropriate use of words,The words come and go like the leaves of a tree.,The words need to be used in proper places according to the nature of the words.,Clich should not be used and the language of common people should be magnified.,Poets should use familiar words in quite different way.,If characters want to speak words then it is okay but it should have its origin in Greek.,Appropriate use of wordsThe wo,11,Appropriateness of meter,Horace prefers Virgils opinion that to follow Homer is to follow nature.,Homer says it is appropriate to use hexameter in epic,iambic pentameter in tragedy and hexameter and iambic pentameter in elegy.,Appropriateness of meterHorace,12,Consistency of characters,The characters should be consistent and life like,.,His views on characters are identical to Aristotle.,Character traits should be based on age,there should not be any exaggeration,that is which is not possible to the character must not be p