*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Contrastive Analysis,Group Member：.,Outline,What is Contrastive,Analysis/,Study/,Linguistics?,What is the psychological basis of CA?,What procedures should we adopt while,conducting CA?,What do we contrast/compare?,Definition,An inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive elements in a language.It involves the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of language in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them.It could also be done within one language.CA can be both theoretical and applied according to varied purpose.,kinds,Intralingual,Cross-linguistic/Interlingual,Phonological interference,Syntactic interference,Contrastive pragmatics,Kinds,Intralingual,-Analysis of contrastive phonemes.,-Feature analysis of morph syntactic categories.,-Analysis of morphemes having grammatical meaning,-Analysis of word order,Kinds,Cross-linguistic/Interlingual,-Comparative analysis of morph syntactic systems.,-Comparative analysis of lexical semantics,-Analysis of translational equivalence,-Study of interference in foreign language learning,kinds,Phonological interference,-Those who cannot distinguish/n/and/l/sound in Chinese cannot distinguish the two sounds in English,either,Kinds,Contrastive pragmatics,-Analysis needs to consider not only linguistic contrasts but also pragmatic contrasts such as the similarities and differences in the stylistic uses,cultures,and other communicative networks.,Theoretical bases,Heavily influenced by Structuralism and Behaviorism.,The focus on CA is on the surface structure,including the phonology,morphology,syntax and discourse.,Following behaviorism,CA emphasizes on,transfer,in language learning,Basis assumptions,L2 learning involves overcoming difficulties in the linguistic systems of the target language.,The main difficulties in learning a L2 are caused by interference from the L1.,CA can predict,or at least account for,difficulties in L2 learning.,Teaching materials based on contrastive analysis can reduce the effects of interference and difficulties,and facilitate L2 learning.,Two types of transfer,Positive transfer:similar structure facilitate learning.L1 habits can successfully be used in the L2.,Negative transfer:“interference”from the L1.L1 habits will cause errors in the L2.,Procedures of conducting CA,The procedures followed involve:,1)description,(i.e.a formal description of the two languages was made such as distinctive features of each),2)selection,(i.e.certain areas or items of the two,languages were chosen for detailed comparison such as,phonology,syntax and lexicon),The lively chat was punctuated by shouts and,laughters.,The lively chat was punctuated by shouts and bursts of laughter.,3)comparison,(i.e.the identification of areas of difference and similarity),Differences between Chinese and English:,As for the same thing,Chinese and English give a different name because of their different focus.,Generally,black is equivalent to“黑”，and red is to“红”.,“青睐”in Chinese means“like”and“favor”while greeneyed in English means“jealous”.,“眼红”in Chinese is equivalent to green-eyed in English.,Then,what does“red-eyed flight”mean?,Similarities in Chinese and English:,There are some similarities in,syntax,look at the following examples:,一朝被蛇咬，三年怕井绳。,Once bitten,twice shy.,眼不见，心不烦。,Out of sight,out of mind.,4)prediction,(i.e.determining which areas were likely to cause errors)which i,s,always considered as a failure of doing.,What we are going to do next is data collection.There are two types of data:,1)corpus-based data,2)introspective data,Corpus-based data,:,a collection of materials that has been made for a particular purpose,such as a set of textbooks which are being analyzed and compared or a sample of sentences or utterances which are being,analyzed for their linguistic features.,Introspective data,:,a kind of data involving the subject reflecting the kinds of decisions they make and the kinds of strategies they use while carrying out a task,and reporting them as they occur.,Corpus-based data,/,Introspective data,Introspective data is based on intuition to make judgment,the judgment of sentimentality.,Personal judgment may not always be reliable,but this,procedure can not be abandoned because it is very,convenient.So that is why everybody uses it.,You can not mix the two data.You can only use one,either corpus-data or introspective.,What do we contrast or compare?,Can we improve our linguistic competence without systematically comparing our mother tongue and the target language?,First,we must understand the meaning of a word while,learning a foreign language.,Second,we must learn its grammar while learning a foreign language.,Third,we should also be familiar with other aspects of,language,such as semantics and pragmatics.,Finally,we should know the target culture while learning a,foreign language.,Contrastive analysis on lexical level,As Sw