Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,11/7/2009,#,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Present perfect tense,如今完成时态,一、如今完成时谓语动词的构成：助动词have/has(not)+V-ed过去分词,I _(finish)the composition already.,He _(learn)English for three years.,We/You/They.,She.,have finished,has learned,过去分词的构成,规那么方式 -ed 不规那么方式,repair-repaired,-e+d,双写辅音+ed,stop/mop/travel,如今完成时态的含义是表示过去发生的或已完成的动作对如今呵斥的影响或结果。特点是既涉及过去，又联络如今：动作是过去发生的，结果是如今存在的。,She has gone.(她走了。)从这句话中动词所用的如今完成时态可以看出“走的动作是过去发生的，而对如今所呵斥的结果是她不在这里了。,He speaks French so fluently.He learned it in Paris.He was there for two years.He has studied French.,(他学过法语。)这句话所阐明的结果是他如今懂法语。,Look!The blackboard is so clean now.He has cleaned the blackboard.,(他曾经擦过黑板了。)这句话所表示的结果是黑板如今是干净的。,如今完成时用法一,过去的(终了性)动作产生的影响或结果如今还存在。,常用短暂性动词做谓语动词.如arrive,get,finish,borrow,open,stop,begin,go,come,die,fall,时间状语常用already,just,yet,ever,before,once(一次),recently 等 不详细的过去时间 或不带有时间状语,留意：当在一定陈说句中含有already或just 时，在转换成否认句或疑问句时，要把句中的already 或just 去掉，在句末加上yet.,I havent seen the film named King Lion yet.,I have done my homework already.,I havent done my homework yet.,Mother has just cleaned the house.,Mother hasnt cleaned the house yet.,I have already seen the film named King Lion.,For.,Since,How long have/has sb.?lived learned owned,The door has been open for a whole day.,The windows have been closed since 7:30.,I have had this bike for a year/since last year.,My teachers have been busy/free these days.,如今完成时用法二:,过去开场的动作或形状不断继续到如今,1.常用延续性动词,如be,sleep,live,learn,stay,have,keep,work,walk,2.时间状语须表达过去到如今的一段时间.,for two years so far,since 短语,during the past 2 years,since 从句 in the past 2 years,标志词：for+一段时间,since+过去的时间点,these years,so far,in the past/last years,We _(learn)English for three years/since two years ago/since 2000.,Mr.Green _(be)in China these years.,They _(write)15 songs so far.,The population _(grow)more slowly in the past ten years.,have learned,has been,have written,has grown,1.The Jiangs _(live)here for almost ten years.,2.He _(work)in the factory since 1994.,3.His parent _(teach)in this school since they came to the city.,4.The child _(sleep)since two hours ago.,have lived,has worked,has taught,has slept,延续性语境中的非延续性动词的运用,在详细的言语环境中，往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直译为：He has fallen asleep for an hour.,他睡了一小时了。His father has died for three years.,他父亲去世三年了。当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下处理方法：,1将非延续性动词转化为相应的形状动词。所谓形状动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的形状。如：He has been asleep for an hour.fall asleep,“入睡为短暂动作，但be asleep“睡着那么为形状动词，可延续。His father has been dead for three years.die为短暂动词，“死后的形状可用“be dead这种系表构造来描画，可延续。,短暂性动词转换为延续性动词,1.buy-have(我买电脑两年了.),2.borrow-keep(他借这本书三个星期.),3.begin to sleep/study/去掉begin to,(他已睡了半个小时了.),4.move into-live in(他已搬进来三个月了.),5.leave home-be away from home,(我已离家一年.),6.fall ill-be ill(Helen病了一周了),7.join the group-be in the group,be a member of,(我们参与电脑兴趣小组已有两年了.),8.die-be dead(我爷爷死了两个月了),9.get up-be up(他已起床一刻钟了.),10.begin-be on (会议已开场非常钟.),e to/arrive in/get to,-be in(他已到南京三天了.),12.open/close-be open/be closed,(门开/关了非常钟了),常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类：go therebe there,come backbe back,borrowkeep,buy/catchhave,arrivebe in,beginbe on,openbe open,closebe closed,diebe dead,leavebe away from,get upbe up,fall asleepbe asleep,becomebe,joinbe in/a member of,receivehave,catch/get a coldhave a cold,get marriedbe married，come be in，finish be over，leaver be away,1.turn on the radio-keep the radio on,He turned on the radio an hour ago.,He _ _ the radio _ for an hour.,The radio _ _ _ for an hour.,2.open the door-keep the door open,I opened the door twenty minutes ago.,I _ _ the door _ for 20 minutes.,The door _ _ _ for 20 minutes.,has kept on,has been on,have kept open,has been open,have hasbeen 和have has gone 的区别,have been to a place意思是“到过、去过，表示曾到过某处，但如今人不在那儿；have gone to a place表示“去了，曾经去了某地，如今人能够在去的途中或曾经到那儿了。,她以前曾去过上海。,She has been to Shanghai before.,他在上海10年了。,She has been in Shanghai for ten years,他去上海了。,He has gone to Shanghai.,用于如今完成时的句型,1It is the first/second time.that构造中的从句部分，用如今完成时。,It is the first time that I have visited the city.,It was the third time that the boy had been late.,2This is the that构造，that 从句要用如今完成时.,This is the best film that Ive(ever)seen.,这是我看过的最好的电影。,This is the first time(that)Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。,Work in pairs:,Doctor:Whats wrong with you,young man?,Man:Maybe I _(catch)a cold.,D :How long _ you _(be)like this?,M :_ yesterday morning.,D :_ you _(take)the temperature yet?,M :No,_ yet.,D :.Oh,you have had a little fever._you_(take)any medicine yet?,M :I _(take)some aspirin this morning.,D :How many pills _you ever_(take)so far?,M :About four pills.,D :Ok.Its nothing serious.Dont worry.You have to stay in bed for a few hours drink plenty of water.Youll be better tomorrow.,have caught,have been,Since,Have taken,not,Have taken,took,have taken,如今完成时用法三:,如今完成时和普经过去时都能表示过去发生过的动作，但如今完成时表示过去动作对如今的影响，并且表示这一动作已完成或还能够继续下去；而普经过去时与如今的情况没有联络，仅表示过去的动作，且这一动作到说话时已终止。因此如今完成时不能与表示明确的过去时间如when，in1949，yesterday，last week等的状语连用，并且用when或where对这些时间和地