单击此处编辑母版标题样式,编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2016/3/19,#,膀胱输尿管反流,综合影像学表现,中国石油中心医院 影像科 杨景震,2016,病例交流(三),临床近期儿科病例,男,,19,个月。发热、尿路感染,超声发现双侧肾盂及输尿管扩张,之后做了,MR,、,CT,检查。,以下,是曾在,外院做的影像学检查:,MRI,T2WI,水成像,CT,排泌造影,诊断:,膀胱输尿管反流(,VUR,)并发,反流性肾病(,RN,),中山医科大学方昆豪等研究认为,,返流性肾病,(RN),系指膀胱输尿管返流,(VUR),在肾损害发病机制上,起主要,作用的一种肾病。,研究证实我国尿感病人中,VUR,并不少见,成人病例发现率,25%,有肾损害者达,70%;,儿童病例发现率,66.2%,有肾损害者达,100%,。成人,VUR,发现率较低及程度大多不及,儿童显著,可能与,VUR,随年龄,增长,输尿管发育逐渐,健全而减轻或消失。,影像科医师要认识本病:,对于尿路感染症状,发现尿路积水者,在除外尿路梗阻性病变的同时,还应该注意,VUR,的存在,尤其是婴幼儿、双侧性尿路扩张者。,一,、什么是膀胱,输尿管返流(,VUR,vesico-ureteric reflux,),尿液排入膀胱,膀胱满后,逼尿肌收缩,尿液自膀胱经尿道排出体外。正常膀胱收缩排尿时,尿液不会从膀胱返流到输尿管或肾盂。尿路发炎的婴儿中,,60,70%,有膀胱输尿管返流(,Baker,,,1966,)即排尿时,一部分尿从膀胱返流到输尿管甚至到肾盂,。,二,、,膀胱输尿管返流机制,正常输尿管,进入膀胱,时有,一个,角度,,即输尿管在膀胱壁里斜行穿梭一段距离,(管径是尿道,直径的,5,倍,,Paquin 1959,),再入,膀胱腔。当膀胱充盈后,膀胱尿的压力会将膀胱壁内的输尿管压扁,关闭内腔,形成抗返流机制。而有返流的患儿,输尿管进入膀胱的角度接近直角,或过短,从而,失去抗,返流的机制,膀胱充盈后收缩排尿时,膀胱内的压力不但会将尿液排出体外,也同时会导致膀胱输尿管,返流。,三、,根据反流的程度将,VUR,分为五型:,型。,四,、,膀胱输尿管返流可并发肾炎,由于,尿路感染的相当一部分细菌(,70-90%,是大肠杆菌,,E.Coli,)是从尿道进入膀胱的。如果数量,少,,会被尿液排出,可无症状。如果膀胱输尿管返流严重,细菌返流到肾盂里,可引发肾炎。,Ransley,和,Risdon1979,研究,发现,返流加上细菌感染会对肾造成破坏。,儿童泌尿感染非常普遍,,是继呼吸道,感染,后的第二,大感染病源。两个月至两岁的孩子发烧,,5%,是由尿路感染引起的。一至五岁年龄段,女孩尿路感染的机会大,是男孩的,10-20,倍。,VUR,形成机制与分型,影像学检查方法:,超声检查,X,线排尿膀胱尿道造影,CT,排,泌,性尿路造影,MRI,(,平扫、尿路水成像、,T1WI,排尿膀胱,尿道,造影),JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 21:406414(2005),The grade of reflux on MRVC is concordant with that of VCUG,Thirteen-year-old boy with bilateral grade 4,reflux,detected on both VCUG and MRVC.,男,,13,岁,型,Coronal turbo-FLASH,Coronal HASTE,MIP of coronal turbo-FLASH,obtained,after bladder filling,immediately after,voiding,images before bladder filling show reduction of the volume and parenchymal thickness of both kidneys,more severe on the left side,suggesting reflux nephropathy,.,X,线与,MR,诊断一致,膀胱充盈前,肾盂容积小、肾实质变薄,,左侧显著,提示,RN,MR,膀胱造影膀胱充盈,排尿后即刻,Eleven-month-old boy with grade 3 reflux in the right ureterorenal unit detected on VCUG,but not on MRVC,.,男,,11,个月,右侧膀胱输尿管反流,型,经,VCUG,查出,而,MRVC,却不能诊断。,VCUG demonstrates grade 3 reflux on the right side.Note a paraureteral bladder diverticulum at the right ureterovesical junction,.,Postvoiding,coronal T1-weighted SE,shows,no demonstrable reflux,Coronal T2-weighted FSE image before bladder filling reveals hydronephrosis,and,parenchymal thinning of the right kidney.,排尿后,T1WI,未见诊断证据,膀胱充盈前示右侧肾盂积水及肾实质薄,VCU,证实右侧,型反流。,注意:右侧输尿管膀胱结合部憩室,O.J.Arthurs et al./European Journal of Radiology 82(2013)e112 e119,coronal,MCUG image,and coronal fat suppressed,T1WI,post voiding images from an iMRVC sequence,.,VCUG,:,MRI,与排尿性膀胱尿道造影一致性举例:新生儿,男,,3,天。两种技术显示高级别的,VUR,研究结果:,iMRVC,gave,a,敏感性,sensitivity of 100%,特异性,specificity,of 90.5%,冠状,X,线排尿膀胱尿道造影,MR,的,T1WI,压脂排尿膀胱尿道造影,MCUG,与,MRI,结果不一致举例:,2,个月男婴,出生前诊断双侧肾盂积水。,iMRVC demonstrated unilateral right sided grade 4 VUR seen on,coronal,、,sagittal and,axial,fat,suppressed,T1WI.,He had normal MCUG with no posterior,urethral,valves,(coronal,and sagittal images).,He had,bilateral hydronephrosis,on ultrasound,confirmed on conventional coronal,T2WI,European Journal,of Radiology,82(2013)e112,e,119,Example of disagreement between MCUG and MRI.,2 month old,male,was referred,with antenatally diagnosed,bilateral hydronephrosis,.,MR,排尿膀胱尿道造影证实右侧,4,期,VUR,(冠、矢、轴位压脂,T1WI,),冠、矢状图:,MCUG,正常,,缺乏后尿道瓣膜,超声发现双侧肾盂积水,由,MR,常规,T2WI,证实。,1,、,VUR,的影像学检查以超声作为首选,包括常规超声及超声造影。,2,、传统的,X,线排尿膀胱尿道造影及,CT,检查也是,VUR,仍然使用的方法。,3,、,MRI,检查具有很高的敏感性、特异性,没有辐射损伤,特别适用于小儿的,VUR,检查与诊断。,E N D,