单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第三节 化学平衡,1.可逆反应概念?特点?,2.化学平衡状态概念?特征?,4.化学平衡状态的标志?,6.影响化学平衡的外界条件?勒夏特列原理内容?,7.等效平衡问题建模?,3.化学平衡的有关计算(三段式)?,问题:,5.化学平衡常数?,第三节 化学平衡1.可逆反应概念?特点?2.化学平衡状态概念,1,知识链接:,1.化学平衡状态的概念,?,在,一定条件下,的,可逆反应,里,正、逆两个方向的反应,速率相等,,反应体系中各组分的质量或浓度,保持不变,的状态。,知识链接:1.化学平衡状态的概念?在一定条件下的可逆,2,分析课本P29表格数据可以得出什么结论?,分析课本P29表格数据可以得出什么结论?,3,序号,起始时浓度mol/L,平衡时浓度mol/L,平衡时,c,0,(H,2,),c,0,(I,2,),c,0,(HI),c(H,2,),c(I,2,),c(HI),1,0.01197,0.06944,0,0.005617,0.0005936,0.01270,2,0.01135,0.00904,0,0.00356,0.00125,0.01559,3,0.01201,0.008403,0.0,0.00458,0.0009733,0.01486,4,0,0,0.01520,0.001696,0.001696,0.01181,5,0,0,0.01287,0.001433,0.001433,0.01000,6,0,0,0.03777,0.004213,0.004213,0.02934,I,2,(g)+H,2,(g)2HI(g),H0,密闭容器730.6K,根据数据通过计算分析出,平衡时,数据中的规律,。,48.38,48.61,49.54,48.48,48.71,48.81,序号起始时浓度mol/L平衡时浓度mol/L平衡时c0(H,4,序号,起始时浓度mol/L,平衡时浓度mol/L,平衡时,c,0,(H,2,),c,0,(I,2,),c,0,(HI),H,2,I,2,HI,1,0.01067,0.01196,0,0.001831,0.003129,0.01767,2,0.01135,0.00904,0,0.00356,0.00125,0.01559,3,0.01134,0.00751,0,0.004565,0.000738,0.01354,4,0,0,0.01069,0.001141,0.001141,0.008410,54.5,54.6,54.45,54.33,密闭容器698.6K,I,2,(g)+H,2,(g)2HI(g),H10,5,时,该反应进行得就基本完全了。,化学平衡常数:3.意义 K值的大小,表示在一定温度下,反,11,(2011北京高考),在温度t,1,和t,2,下,X,2,(g)和,H,2,反应生成HX的平衡常数如下表:,F,2,+,H,2,Cl,2,+,H,2,Br,2,+,H,2,化学方程式,K(t,1,),K(t,2,),2HF,1.810,36,1.910,32,2,HCl,9.710,12,4.210,11,2HBr,5.610,7,9.310,6,2HI,43,34,K的变化体现出X,2,化学性质的递变性,,用原子结构解释原因,:,,,原子半径,逐渐增大,,得电子能力,逐渐减弱,,元素的非金属性,减弱,气态,氢化物稳定性,减弱。,仅依据K的变化,可以推断出:随着卤素原子核电荷数的增加,,(选填字母)。,a.在相同条件下,平衡时X,2,的转化率逐渐降低,b.X,2,与,H,2,反应的剧烈程度逐渐减弱,c.HX的还原性逐渐减弱 d.HX的稳定性逐渐减弱,I,2,+,H,2,a d,同一主族元素从上到下,原子核外电子层数依次增多,K越大、反应进行的程度越大。,(2011北京高考)在温度t1和t2下,X2(g)和H2反应,12,小菜一碟,1.t,10L密闭容器中,H,2,+I,2,(g)2HI H0,n(始)(mol)0.2 0 0,n(变)(mol),.,n(平)(mol),.,C(H,2,)平=,;,HI,的分解率=,在该温度下,该反应的化学平衡常数=,设生成,H,2,物质的量为x.,x,x,2x,x,x,0.2-2x,80%,0.008mol/L,0.008mol/L,4,得X=0.08,小菜一碟1.t,10L密闭容器中H2 +I2(g),13,Qc,K,,反应向 _方向进行,Qc,K,,反应处于_,Qc,K,,反应向_方向进行,正反应,逆反应,平衡状态,(1).判断正在进行的可逆反应是否平衡及反应进行的方向.,一定温度下,反应:,mA(g)+nB(g)pC(g)+qD(g),浓度商Qc=,C,p,(C),C,q,(D),C,m,(A),C,n,(B),4.应用,吸热,放热,(2)平衡常数K与温度有关,利用K可判断反应的热效应。,若升高温度,K值增大,则正反应为,反应;,若升高温度,K值减小,则正反应为,反应。,N,2,+3H,2,2NH,3,H0,K=,C,2,(NH,3,),C,(N,2,),C,3,(H,2,),QcK,反应向 _方向进行正反应逆反应平,14,化学平衡常数课件,15,【典例】已知可逆反应,CO+H,2,O(g)CO,2,+H,2,,达到平衡时,,,K=,K,是常数,只与温度有关,与浓度无关。,(1)某温度时,若起始时:,c,(CO)=2 mol/L,,,c,(H,2,O)=3 mol/L,,平衡时CO的转化率为60%,水蒸气的转化率为_,_,;K值为_。,此温度为,。,(2)该温度时,若起始时,c,(CO)=2 mol/L、,c,(H,2,O)=6 mol/L,,则水蒸气平衡时的转化率为_。CO的转化率为,。,温度,/,400,500,800,平衡常数,9.94,9,1,40%,1,800,75%,25%,【典例】已知可逆反应温度/400 500 800 平衡常,16,【典例】,水煤气是重要燃料和化工原料,可用水蒸气通过炽热的炭层制得:,C(s)+H,2,O(g)CO(g)+H,2,(g),H,+131.3,kJmol,1,;(,1)写出平衡常数K的表达式:,。,(2),一定温度下,三个容器中均进行着上述反应,各容器中炭足量,其它物质的物质的量浓度及正逆反应速率关系如下表所示。请填写表中相应的空格。,容器,编号,c,(H,2,O),/molL,1,c,(CO),/molL,1,c,(H,2,),/molL,1,正,、,逆,比较,I,0.06,0.60,0.10,正,=,逆,0.12,0.20,_,_,正,=,逆,0.10,0.20,0.40,正,_,_,_,逆,依据,浓度商Qc,与K的关系可判断反应进行方向,K=1,0.6,K=,【典例】水煤气是重要燃料和化工原料,可用水蒸气通过炽热的炭层,17,(3)在上述温度下,该容器中,H,2,+I,2,(g)2HI H0,n(始)(mol)0.2 0.2 0,n(变)(mol),.,n(平)(mol),.,H,2,的转化率=,C(H,2,)平=,。,若升高温度,上述反应的K值,(填增大、减小,或不变),设参加反应H,2,物质的量为y.,y,y,2y,0.2-y,0.2-y,2y,20%,减小,0.016mol/L,得y=0.16,(3)在上述温度下,该容器中n(始)(mol)0.2,18,计算结果:,t,10L密闭容器中,H,2,+I,2,(g)2HI H0,n(始)(mol)0.1 0.1 0,n(变)(mol),.,n(平)(mol,),0.04,0.04,0.02,0.02,0.08,0.08,(2)在上述温度下,该容器中,H,2,+I,2,(g)2HI H0,n(始)(mol)0 0 0.2,n(变)(mol),0.08,0.08,0.16,.,n(平)(mol),0.08,0.08,0.04,.,(3)在上述温度下,该容器中,H,2,+I,2,(g)2HI H0,n(始)(mol)0.2 0.2 0,n(变)(mol),0.04,0.04,0.08,.,n(平)(mol),0.16,0.16,0.08,.,H,2,的转化率=,。,20%,H,2,的转化率=,。,20%,HI的分解率=,。,80%,计算结果:t,10L密闭容器中H2 +I2(g,19,H,2,(g)I,2,(g)2HI(g)H-26.5 kJmol,1,c,1,(始)1.00 1.00 0,c,2,(始)0 0 2.00,c(平),0.21,0.21,1.58,图1 图2,H2(g)I2(g)2HI(g,20,化学平衡常数课件,21,例:在一定温度下的密闭容器中,下列反应达到平衡:,N,2,+3H,2,2NH,3,H0,(1)依据平衡常数K的表达式可,定量分析,理解条件,改变对化学平衡的影响。,在其他条件不变的情况下:,增大反应物(N,2,)的浓度,平衡向,方向移动;,减小生成物(NH,3,)的浓度,平衡向,方向移动;,增大压强,平衡向,方向移动;,减小压强,平衡向,方向移动;,升高温度(,K,放,减小,),平衡向,方向移动;,降低温度(,K,放,增大,),平衡向,方向移动。,K=,C,2,(NH,3,),C,(N,2,),C,3,(H,2,),4.应用,正反应,正反应,正反应(气体体积减小反应),逆反应(气体体积增大反应),逆反应(吸热反应),正反应(放热反应),C(平)a b c,缩小容积,增大容积,例:在一定温度下的密闭容器中,下列反应达到平衡:N2+3H2,22,在一定体积的密闭容器中,进行如下化学反应:,CO,2(g),+H,2(g),CO(g)+H,2,O(g),其化学平衡常数K和温度t的关系如下表:,(1)该反应为_反应(选填“吸热”、“放热”),(2)某温度下,在2L的容器中充入 2molCO和 2molH,2,O,经两分钟后,CO,2,的量保持1mol不变。,试判断此时的温度为,,此时H,2,O转化率为,;,平衡后,分别往容器中再充入1mol CO,2,和 3mol CO,则,此时v正,v逆;再次达到平衡时,H,2,O的转化率为,;,t,700,800,830,1000,1200,K,0.6,0.9,1.0,1.7,2.6,吸热,830,t,1,HX的生成反应是,反应,(填“吸热”或“放热”)。,K的变化体现出X,2,化学性质的递变性,用原子结构解释原因:,,原子半径逐渐增大,得电子能力逐渐减弱。,仅依据K的变化,可以推断出:随着卤素原子核电荷数的增加,,(选填字母)。,a.在相同条件下,平衡时X,2,的转化率逐渐降低,b.X,2,与,H,2,反应的剧烈程度逐渐减弱,c.HX的还原性逐渐减弱 d.HX的稳定性逐渐减弱,I,2,+,H,2,同一主族元素从上,到下原子核外电子层数依次增多,放热,a d,(2011北京高考)在温度t1和t2下,X2(g)和H2反应,26,(2013西城二模),工业上消除氮氧化物的污染,可用如下反应:,CH,4,(g)2NO,2,(g)N,2,(g)CO,2,(g)2H,2,O(g)Ha kJ/mol,在温度,T,1,和,T,2,时,分别将0.50 molCH,4,和1.2 molNO,2,充入体积为1 L的密闭容器中,测得,n,(CH,4,)随时间变化数据如下表:,温度,时间/min,n,/mol,0,10,20,40,50,T,1,n,(CH,4,),0.50,0.35,0.25,0.10,0.10,T,2,n,(CH,4,),0.50,0.30,0.18,0.15,下列说法不正确的是(),A.10 min内,,T,1,时,(CH,4,)比,T,2,时小 B温度:,T,1,T,2,C.,H,:,a,0 D平衡常数:,K,(,T,1,),K,(,T,2,),D,(2013西城二模)工业上消除氮氧化物的污染,可用如下反应:,27,2.勒夏特列原理内容?,如果改变影响平衡的条件之一(如温度、压强以及参加化学反应物质的浓度),平衡