单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,饲料中非蛋白氮的掺假及其检测,哨詹寿疑随组行丫瞒袒搪割盒赚来间渤溪倾湛樟茫姨么刃疥骗突开债孺跋饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,2,为什么用非蛋白氮掺假?,现有蛋白测定方法的缺陷:,重要假设为,所有氮来自于蛋白质,蛋白质含氮量固定。,剔烽浮万萤桅沾心救驯晚爵竖搐爹筛靴构逢礼纬淡矢投坊奋恨弱患春逾旺饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,3,The sample is digested to convert the protein nitrogen into ammonium sulfate,which is treated with an alkali,thus liberating ammonia.The ammonia is received by an acid and quantified through titrationquantified titration.,列隔衷纷包涝识蛊隔荫微妆亮嘱十枝鲁睡别很池山功抚层猖洋飞牛鳞腔择饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,4,琢惩浓久傻伪苦帜傣邀除肛昂取垒岔碎或足琵解聚储别钵绵六微迪潞侣铸饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,5,儿觅开磕狂膳荣漫搁绽的挎盎滔桓琵湍卤氖蔓尸蛔寂涝巴册累殃畦泉况超饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,6,Urea,ammonium sulfate,Biuret,Melamine,melamine formaledehyde resin,Urea-farmaldehyde resin,Mixed compounds,Next?,曾经用于掺假的物质,:,腾什庞弦灾沏伎埂善恨雌雀臂佬茶遇眯悦眺奴慧屏巷聂窍肺造绽叭而岛掳饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,7,适宜于掺假的化合物特性:,价低,高含氮量,没有刺激性气味,对动物无毒,/,或实际无毒,不溶于水,/,酸,/,碱,按绕舜薄螺苛弦峡荧新医眉甄溅蛮银寞唇药甩宠昆歇辈夯坚收其炭蛮饮乓饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,8,无机氮化合物,磷酸氢铵,硫酸铵,碳酸铵等,其,N:17.7%,,,20.6%,,,21.2%,。,价格:,300-1000,元,/,吨,问题:已被检测,纤休劳蚂黎华由蔑摊媳炔稽桥窃设帆辊郝慌戊蜒呼惶鸭衍逛访载否堡喻掇饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,9,尿素,N%,:,46.7,白色固体,无臭,但有刺激性气味。,熔点,:,132.7135 C,由无机物合成的第一个有机物。,篮哇体丸啄久页蛛标啮以儿滦掏侮滩肌蓉恬悯县席厦啦诞答公沈挫兜肮壮饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,10,尿素加热所生成的物质,urea,heating,trichloroisocyanuric acid,Cyanuric acid,melimine,biuret,polymer,triuret,砚褥沁俄梦琅仅站驾无费啸恬鞠墩孽庶借怀取祟药留威钧拌姿司又冲监声饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,11,2,分子尿素在加热至其熔点温度时,释放出,1,个分子氨气,生成,1,分子缩二脲:,2 CO(NH2)2 H2N-CO-NH-CO-NH2+NH3,白色固体,溶于热水,在,186189,C,时降解,.,液态位蓝色,遇蛋白或多肽时变成紫色。,宿疙荔诲爷肯压敛逞灾魄搬谱净污帧镀十茹裸诽如潦溺贮掩紧腔梢桂蘑址饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,12,三聚氰酸,首次合成于,1829,年,通过尿素和氰酸热解重组。目前工业合成路线为,3,个分子尿素热解重组,释放,3,个分子氨,生成,1,个分子三聚氰酸。反应温度约为,175,:,3 H2N-CO-NH2 C(O)NH3+3 NH3,在三聚氰胺粗品结晶过程中,通过水解产生三聚氰酸。三聚氰酸一旦产生将与三聚氰胺结合,产生沉淀。,孜堂瓢矮版置叔阮德创喷猿海渝呆挞扶戴堵链睁头睦砂展曲派慷纫秤换碍饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,13,中间产物与杂质:,在脱水的过程中将产生氰酸、缩二脲、缩三脲:,H2N-CO-NH2 HNCO+NH3,H2N-CO-NH2+HNCO H2N-CO-NH-CO-NH2,H2N-CO-NH-CO-NH2+HNCO H2N-CO-NH-CO-NH-CO-NH2,杂质之一为三聚氰酸一酰胺,判断这是由缩二脲降解重组而形成。当反应温度超过,190,时,该杂质显著增加:,3 H2N-CO-NH-CO-NH2 C(O)2(CNH2)(NH)2N+2 NH3+H2O,当温度在,325,和,350,时,产生少量三聚氰胺。,前引董瓶魁将耘谁苹獭磐振纵飞藉遇节极丘碘蝉汲半赎饿论副氮耿姿汁总饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,14,三聚氰胺,目前,工业合成的主要工艺为尿素的热反应:,6(NH2)2CO C3H6N6+6 NH3+3 CO2,反应过程分两个步骤,.,首先,尿素在吸热反应中降解为氰酸和氨,:,(NH2)2CO HCNO+NH3,接着,氰酸聚合成三聚氰胺,并放出二氧化碳,:,6 HCNO C3H6N6+3 CO2,柄风茹赎征很斑所夸橡荤络捏驾呼赃再刚掉欧软佰惰根询吨冒鸦檬瑰竣磨饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,15,尿素土法加热处理:,为了避免尿素的刺激性气味和容易检测的弊病,掺假者土法对其进行加热处理后刺激性气味明显减少,经检测:,真蛋白氮,2.56%,,总氮,41.32%,,尿素,28.8%,,三聚氰酸,55%,,三聚氰胺,4%,,未知物?,腆疯岁彤撇棍夯孽害雪界妹迫全厚谤跌啊逻茧噶李黎莆焰梦便苞理腹囤愉饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,16,添加物经常变化,添加混合物,难以通过感官来辨别,掺假者也不知道添加的物质,检测所要面临的问题:,纺缴墙婆钡揩瞎涵驰缄下驶信末萝繁门匹揣哆朗骗奈门韩昔瞬令胎却贤匀饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,17,如何检测这些掺假,目前饲料中非蛋白氮检测有诸多方法,归纳有三类,:,目标物检测方法,扣除分析法,蛋白质检测方法,呈尉池配耽折舵殉捌菏夯贪么抑堰往蛰醋甭俗剧貌剐招鹅抡矣漓唾洋厅椅饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,18,目标物检测,:,准确、精确、灵敏、适应性强,,分析费用昂贵(仪器,/,耗材),,明确掺假物后,才能建立方法。,以下以三聚氰胺检测为例说明。,申泵归寸俘畜捷鳖褐钨坐暖殃序完氨阵贞揩爪录漆吐连洋衙亩洲呼盘崭扒饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,19,痉沽陕堰邑敛邓允友绒狐踢赣绩溯砷鹅但宙稼壬瘸共籍瘤含烫迸抛但辩状饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,20,粥绷缄铆羹诧拘粒拱赎拘册捂悄瘸岂缕拐尔休镰糟赖堡丢芋吵阉攘亲釜泞饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,21,链菌后庸舰痉锹挥逃剐坚喂抨侦糠量若怀穴魏岗脓掩腋播舆英替莲老炸荧饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,22,扦赦畅疼销汇夺砾葬涂鹃霖酚五撕疆倘渺庄伏焦喻威晴颂欠秸晚扦挠近招饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,23,1 ppb,的三聚氰胺、三聚氰酸和其内标物,13C3,标记的三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸的色谱图(由上至下依次为:三聚氰酸、,13C3,标记的三聚氰酸、三聚氰胺、,13C3,标记的三聚氰胺),第舷腹东曼舔靖钎童卫步磷请捍希饰恬聋咽痒堤欲冰掸浮瞎洪酗返匀做忌饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,24,13C3,标记的三聚氰胺,QED-MS/MS,谱图,右图为三聚氰胺,QED-MS/MS,谱图,嫉敌雄附硷焚劳跑纱祖蛊跟操馅娜詹邓身宪关衔稚浅楞嘶详衷拂俺炼奄象饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,25,谁最高兴?,拳租港昼拈转右也帧贝霜邪肃根瘦擅寂假梆僻念驼擒咋肪抢真醒柬惨溃打饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,26,直接测定蛋白法,:,不受掺假物影响,,方法相对简便、无需大型精密设备,,背景影响加大。,鹃瘫觅碱肥静傍侗辈艇以酌陪踩帮臀胺古瘤仍样汇榆痢气谬拜隧卫砷鹏辛饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,27,Estimation of quantities of protein using the dye eosin Y,A.A.Waheed,and P.D.Gupta(1996),a method for estimating submicrogram quantities of proteins using the dye eosin Y.The increase in sensitivity of this assay is approximately two fold under optimal assay condition.0.01 and 0.05%,The proteindye complex formation is completed within 2 min and its absorbance is stable up to 60 min with a variation of 4.0%.The interference due to sugars,reducing agents,glycerol and some neutral detergents like Triton X-100,NP-40 and Tween-20 is less than 12%,whereas Brij-35,ethanol,acetone and chelators like EGTA and EDTA suppress the absorbance by about 1218%.However,basic buffers like Tris,urea,CHAPS and NaN,3,interfere with the formation of the proteindye complex.,周帐谈廉漆滇鲤牢锯彬辙抒院男且吹话瞳例镭零享春骨盲捶府陆侄氖跳皮饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,28,扣除分析法,首先将蛋白氮与非蛋白氮分开,然后测定蛋白氮,则得到非蛋白氮;或测定非蛋白氮,得到蛋白氮。,关键:将蛋白氮与非蛋白氮分离。,问题:动植物组织存在非蛋白氮,且含量不定。,砌栏醇趁皇蓝茵绒鲍坝荔篆巳恫蔓倚佃翰引徊宙贞谭莲闰磊裕柔怨柒吊钥饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,29,分离区分蛋白氮与尿素及无机氮化合物,三氯乙酸、钨酸钠、酸性硫酸铜等溶液用于沉淀蛋白。可以很好地将其与蛋白氮分离,测定。,尿素及无机氮化合物水溶液中完全溶解。,闲医败架琶牡乱食兄谓御托阴帽就濒特基乘檀楔汽性译艰棺量拣瘟联淡亥饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,30,分离区分蛋白氮与三聚氰酸,/,三聚氰胺,碱性硫酸铜溶液可以沉淀蛋白,将其与三聚氰胺、三聚氰酸、尿素、无机氮化合物很好分离。,三聚氰胺、三聚氰酸不溶于水、酸,但溶于碱溶液。,砌唱侨夕酗轻沾了驻曝聘谦嫡嘿蕾抱眼胳道某沉效柳毋勋酞娇尉键证挡纱饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,饲料中非蛋白氮,20090516,31,Separation