Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Motivation:From Concepts to Applications,Chapter,SEVEN,Motivation:From Concepts to A,Job Design Theory,Characteristics,Skill variety,Task identity,Task significance,Autonomy,Feedback,Job Characteristics Model,Identifies five job characteristics and their relationship to personal and work outcomes,Job Design TheoryCharacteristi,Job Design Theory(contd),Job Characteristics Model,Jobs with skill variety,task identity,task significance,autonomy,and for which feedback of results is given,directly affect three psychological states of employees:,Knowledge of results,Meaningfulness of work,Personal feelings of responsibility for results,Increases in these psychological states result in increased motivation,performance,and job satisfaction.,Job Design Theory(contd)Job,Characteristics,Examples,Skill Variety,High variety,The owner-operator of a garage who does electrical repair,rebuilds engines,does body work,and interacts with customers,Low variety,A bodyshop worker who sprays paint eight hours a day,Task Identity,High identity,A cabinetmaker who designs a piece of furniture,selects the wood,builds the object,and finishes it to perfection,Low identity,A worker in a furniture factory who operates a lathe to make table legs,Task Significance,High significance,Nursing the sick in a hospital intensive care unit,Low significance,Sweeping hospital floors,Autonomy,High autonomy,A telephone installer who schedules his or her own work for the day,and decides on the best techniques for a particular installation,Low autonomy,A telephone operator who must handle calls as they come according to a routine,highly specified procedure,Feedback,High feedback,An electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then tests it to,determine if it operates properly,Low feedback,An electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then routes it to a quality control inspector who tests and adjusts it,Examples of High and Low Job Characteristics,CharacteristicsExamplesExam,The Job Characteristics Model,E X H I B I T 7,1,Source:,J.R.Hackman and G.R.Oldham,Work Design,(excerpted from pp.7880).1980 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,Inc.Reprinted by permission of Addison-Wesley Longman,Inc.,The Job Characteristics ModelE,Job Design Theory(contd),Skill Variety,The degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities(how may different skills are used in a given day,week,month?),Task Identity,The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work(from beginning to end),Task Significance,The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people,Job Design Theory(contd)Skil,Job Design Theory(contd),Autonomy,The degree to which the job provides substantial freedom and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out,Feedback,The degree to which carrying out the work activities required by a job results in the individual obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance,Job Design Theory(contd)Auto,Computing a Motivating Potential Score,People who work on jobs with high core dimensions are generally more motivated,satisfied,and productive.,Job dimensions operate through the psychological states in influencing personal and work outcome variables rather than influencing them directly.,Computing a Motivating Potenti,Job Design and Scheduling,Job Rotation,The periodic shifting of a worker from one task to another,Job Enlargement,The horizontal expansion of jobs,Job Enrichment,The vertical expansion of jobs,Job Design and SchedulingJob R,Guidelines for Enriching a Job,E X H I B I T 7,2,Source:,J.R.Hackman and J.L.Suttle,eds.,Improving Life at Work,(Glenview,IL:Scott Foresman,1977),p.138.,Guidelines for Enriching a Job,Alternative Work Arrangements,Flextime,Employees work during a common core time period each day but have discretion in forming their total workday from a flexible set of hours outside the core.,Job Sharing,The practice of having two or more people split a 40-hour-a-week job,Alternative Work ArrangementsF,Example of a Flextime Schedule,E X H I B I T 7,3,Example of a Flextime Schedule,Alternative Work Arrangements,cont.,Categories of Telecommuting Jobs,Routine information-handling tasks,Mobile activities,Professional and other knowledge-related tasks,Telecommuting,Employees do their work at home on a computer that is linked to their office.,Alternative Work Arrangements,Telecommuting,Advantages,Larger labor pool,Higher productivity,Less turnover,Improved morale,Reduced office-space costs,Disadvantages(Employer),Less direct supervision of employees,Difficult to coordinate teamwork,Difficult to evaluate non-quantitative performance,TelecommutingAdvantages Disadv,Performance=,f,(A x M x O),E X H I B I T 6,9,Source:,Adapted from M.Blumberg and C.D