,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,History of medicine,-from Columbia Encyclopedia,Prehistory,The middle Ages,The Birth of Modern Medicine,Modern medicine,Go,Go,Go,Go,Prehistory,Prehistoric skulls found in Europe and South America indicate that Neolithic man was already able to trephine or remove disks of bone from the skull successfully,.,Prehistory skull,But whether this delicate operation was performed to release evil spirits or as a surgical procedure is not unknown.,Prehistory,skull,Empirical medicine developed in ancient Egypt and involving the use of many potent drugs,especially they skilled in embalming.,What is the most known,mummy,However,the Egyptians had little knowledge of anatomy.,The Laws of Hammurabi,The Laws of Hammurabi established the first known code of medical ethics and laid down a fee schedule for specific surgical procedure.,Herodotus,Mosaic,He said,according to,the Laws of Hammurabi,they gave advice freely to the sick man who was willing to exhibit himself to passersby in the public square.,The Mosaic Code,which indicated concerns with social hygiene and prevention of disease by dietary restriction and sanitary measures.,The Nei Ching,The Nei Ching contains a reference to a theory of the circulation of the blood and the vital function of the heart that suggests familiarity with anatomy.,The emperor Huang Ti(2698-2598 B.C),Shen Nong,一说神农氏即炎帝。中国传奇中农业和医药的制造者，所处时代为新石器时代晚期，淮南子修务训：“神农乃始教民，尝百草之味道，识水泉之甘苦，当此之时一日而遇七十毒，由是医方兴焉”。帝王世纪称：“炎帝神农氏，尝味草木，宣药疗疾，救夭伤人命，百姓日用而不知，著本草四卷”。古代文献论述神农氏尝百草而始有医药者相当丰富，正由于此，我国第一部系统论述药物的著作，约成书于汉代，被命名为神农本草经，即寓有尊崇思念之意。,In addition,Acupuncture,Accurate location of the proper points for the traditional Chinese practice of acupuncture implies some familiarity with the nervous and vascular systems.,Hua Tuo(145208,后世尊华佗为“外科鼻祖”:“魏有华佗，设立疮科，剔骨疗疾，神效良多”。,Five-beast fight,华佗认为“人体欲得劳动，血脉流通，病不得生，譬如户枢，终不朽也”。,麻沸散,He used it in the surgical operation,Its the earliest anesthetic in the world.,Hippocrates(460 BC-370BC),The Oath of hippocrates,The father of Western medicine,who taught the prevention of disease through a regimen of diet and exercise and emphasized careful observation of the patient the recuperative powers of nature and a high standard of ethical conduct as incorporated in the Hippocratic Oath.,Aristotle,By the 4th century B.C.Aristotle had already stimulated interest in anatomy by his dissections of animals and work in the 3rd century BC on human anatomy and physiology was of such high quality that it was not equaled for fifteen hundred years.,Back,The survey of the European Middle Ages,During the economical cultural decline period of the European Middle Ages,with the destruction or neglect of the Roman sanitary facilities,theology dominated all the knowledge departments.Connecting cures and“the sacred miracle“must has impeded the development of medicine.,The Black Death,There erupted a series of local epidemics that culminated many centuries later in the great plague of the 14th century known as,the Black Death,which takes away many peoples life.,The first real light on modern medicine in Europe,It came from the translation of many writing from the Arabic at Salerno Italy and through a continuing trade and cultural exchange with Byzantium,By the 13th century Padua was the site of production of the first accurate books on human anatomy,Vesalius proved that Galen had made anatomical mistakes,Fabricius(1537-1619),The valves of the veins,Fabricius discovered the valves of the veins.,Native Chinese Plants,Li Shi Zhen,In China,Back,Quinine,The introduction of quinine marked a triumph over malaria,one of the oldest plagues of mankind.,William Harvey(1578-1657),In the 17th century,he used careful experimental methods and demonstrated the circulation of the blood,although the concept that met with considerable early resistance.,The early microscope,The discovery of minute forms of life and the discovery of the capillary system of the blood filled the final gap in Harveys explanation of blood circulation.,Digitalis,In the 18th century,the introduction of the heart drug digitalis controlled the scurvy.,In addition Edward Jenner(1749-1823)introduced vaccination to prevent,small pox,laying the groundwork for the science of immunization.,Jenner was giving,the little boy,a vaccine,Germs,In the 19th century,Pasteur Koch Ehrlich and Semmelweis proved the relationship between germs and disease and those suggested the beginnings of modern medicine,Other invaluable developments included the use of disinfection;the introduction of anesthetics in surgery;and a revival of better public health and sanitary measures.,A significant decline in maternal and infant mortality followed.,Back,The origin of the penicillin,The20th century,In Mar.1935,at Cambridge Univ.England,Francis Crick age 35 and James Watson age 24 announced that they discovered the secret of life.,Indeed they had unraveled the chemical structure of the fundamental molecule of,DNA,.,This discovery established the basis for mol