单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,词语的翻译与语言语境,Each word when used in a new context is a new word.,无论在翻译的理解还是表达阶段,译者都要,从一组义项或是一组近义词中做出最恰当的选择,,而这一选择过程离不开对词语所处语言环境的分析。,许多翻译学习者认为,只要手头有权威词典,选词就求助词典,不用自己劳神思考,你同意吗?,P.61,根据语言语境确定原文词义,搭配(collocation)指的是语言系统内各个语言成分的同现和组合,是语言语境重要组成部分.,根据,词语的搭配关系,确定词义,是在翻译的理解阶段辨析词义时,经常采用的手段.,词语与其所处的语言环境中其他语言成分的搭配关系能帮助我们辨析多义词的义项.,a:“,红包,”一词,过年,婚庆,生日等场合所送的红包指的是“礼金”,应译做,gift money,单位在节假日发的红包指的是“奖金”,应译做,bonus,而行贿时所送的现金也称做红包,这时应译做,bribe,s,b:路上浮尘早已刮净,剩下一条,洁白,的大道来,车夫也跑得更快.,By now the loose dust had all been blown away,leaving the roadway clean,and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.,c:据传说,五十年代中期,渠边那庄子有一个黄花闺女,为了抗拒父母包办的婚姻,大白天就跑过斗渠到这屋里来上吊.这是个上吊的,好地方,屋顶上没有顶棚,弯,弯,扭扭的,木头椽子,露在外面,随便哪根椽子都可以搭上绳子.,As a story goes in the mid 1950s there lived,in,a hamlet over the other side of the gully a maiden who was in the protest against her parents dictatorially arranged marriage escaped in broad daylight across the gully,slipped into the hutand hanged herself!There was no ceiling,only,crooked,bare rafters,overhead,conveniently accessible for a rope to hang from.,A most suitable place,indeed,for such a purpose.,d:我在学校读书的时候,有所谓“,强迫,运动”,我踢破过几双球鞋,打断过几只球拍.因此侥幸维持下来最低限度的体力.,In my school days,in response to the so-called“compulsory physical exercises”,I went in for many sports at the expense of many pairs of sneakers and rackets,thus luckily building up a minimum of good physique.,此处的“强迫”一词不能译为forced.,根据语言语境选择译文用词,近义词,的细微差别给语言的正确使用造成了不小的麻烦,在翻译的表达阶段,,译者要根据译语的语言语境来调整自己的表达方式,使译文用词符合译语的规范。,用词地道,搭配得当,这需要处处留心,日积月累,培养良好的英语语感,逐步提高自己的英语水平。,Peter Newmark(1981:180)指出,用外语写作或翻译最容易出错的地方不是语法、词汇,而是,搭配,。,A 身体,好,,学习,好,,工作,好,。,Keep fit,study well and word hard.,此句中的“好”不能统统译为good或well,而应根据keep,study和work这三个动词在英语中地道的搭配关系来选词。,B 阿Q将衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,,说,:“这毛虫!”,Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground,spat,and,swore,“Hairy worm!”,C“三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮”,这就是,说,,群众有伟大的创造力。,The old saying,“Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the master mind,”,simply means,the masses have great creative power.,汉语中的简单词汇,如说、笑、看,在英译中需要注意。以上例子中的,说,分别表示咒骂,解释,不能都译为say,而应在译文各自的语言环境选择恰当的表达方法。,P.63,根据语言语境消除歧义,庵和春天时节一样静,,,白的墙和漆黑的门。,The convent was as peaceful as it had been that spring,with its white wall and shining black gate.,歧义:1静修庵好像春光一样静谧;2此时的静修庵和春天时的静修庵一样宁静。,在小说第五章“生计问题”中,阿Q曾去静修庵偷萝卜,当时“微风拂拂的颇有些夏意了”,静修庵的“粉墙突出在新绿里”。而在这一句出现的第七章阿Q去庵里“革命”时,是“宣统三年九月十四日”,已经是秋天了。综合以上这些背景信息,不难消除句中的歧义。,B 但我相信,那种哀怨的无声的诉说,一定是一种生命的,绝唱,!,Yet I believe those plaintive silent words must be a masterpiece singing the praises of life!,歧义:绝唱,1 指诗文创作的最高造诣,例如“千古绝唱”;,2 死前最后的歌唱,仔细分析原句,句中的“但我相信”表达出对下文“哀怨的无声的诉说”的转折,且“生命的绝唱”在原文中与“一定是”以及句末的感叹号搭配在一起,反映出强烈的感情色彩,是作者对“生命的绝唱”的赞扬和讴歌。在这以语言语境之下,如果将“绝唱”理解为“死前最后的歌唱”,显然是对作者本意的曲解。,所以“生命的绝唱”应为“生命最美的赞歌”。,语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达,感情色彩是使用者文采,风格和创造性的集中体现,词语在特定语言环境中的感情色彩能为原文增色,,而这一感情色彩的成功传达也需要译者的匠心独运。,译者应充分发挥,翻译中的创造性和思维灵感,,使译文词语的神采和意蕴不输于原文。,沈氏:才倒是瞧见大少爷的。也,也许又一个人,到,梅树林子里去了。,克明:怪事,怪事!眼看就要接亲的人,还这么小孩子脾气!,Shen:I saw him in a moment ago.By now hes,probably,moping around,the plum grove again.,Keming:This is ridiculous!Ridiculous!For someone on the threshold of manhood,he is behaving,like a child.,根据OALED的解释,mope around 意为wander about(a place)in an unhappy or listless mood,是指“没精打采的东游西荡”,正符合觉新在即将与自己不爱的人成亲之前彷徨无助的心情。,我接着便有许多话,想要连珠一般涌出但又觉得,被什么挡着似的,,单在脑里面回旋,吐不出口外去。,There were so many things then to talk about that I wanted to spew the,m,out like a string of beads But,something seemed to hold me back,.Everything just swirled around in my head and I couldnt get the words out.,After this there were so many things I wanted to talked about,and,they should have poured out like a string of beads,But I was tongue-tied,unable to put all I was thinking into words.,之前译者将“但又觉得被什么挡着似的”直译为But something seemed to hold me back。这样一来给读者的印象是“我”觉得自己现在与闰土身份悬殊,潜意识里想与他保持距离。这无疑是对书中人物情感的一种不当阐释,因为此句的上文曾交待过,闰土要来的消息让“我”兴奋不已,一下子勾起对童年和故乡美好的回忆。这里的“被什么挡着似的”指的是“我”多年后再见到闰土时有太多的话想说,一时却又不知该说些什么好。,后来译者在更深入理解的基础之上用tongue-tied一词,生动贴切地表达了人物真实的情感。,由此可见,想使译文从内容和情感上真正做到忠实,,必须充分考虑语境的因素,在正确理解的基础上妥帖地表达原文的意义与功能。,P.66,Thank you!,