单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 5,Bill of Exchange,Definition,A,bill of exchange,is formally defined as an unconditional order in writing,addressed by one party(drawer)to another(drawee),signed by the party giving it,requiring the party to whom it is addressed to pay on demand,or at a fixed or determinable future time,a sum certain in money,to or to the order of a specified party(payee),or to bearer.A bill of exchange can also be called a draft or a bill.,Essentials,The word“Exchange,An unconditional order in writing,Addressed by one person to another,Signed by the person giving it,Tenor,A sum certain in money,Payable to a specified person only or his,order or to bearer,Other items,The date of issue,The place of issue,The place of payment,A banker designated as payer,Value received,A set of bill,Referee in case of need,Notice of dishonor excused and protest waived,Without recourse,Parties and Acts,There are three immediate parties to a bill of exchange:,the drawer,the drawer and the payee.,They are the basic parties to a bill before it is transferred to another party.,The drawer,:,The drawer is the party who draws and signs a draft on the drawee and delivers it to the payee.,The drawee:,The drawee is the party on whom the bill is drawn and he is the party to honor the bill at the order of the drawer,The payee:,The payee is the party to receive payment.He is the first creditor to the bill and the first legal owner of the instrument,Other Parties,Endorser,An endorser is a payee or a holder who signs his name on the back of a bill for the purpose of negotiation.,Endorsee,An endorsee is the party to whom the instrument is transferred.He becomes the new holder to the instrument and is the creditor to the instrument.An endorsee can also become an endorser if he wishes to transfer the instrument to another party by signing his name on its back.,Acceptor for honor,An acceptor for honor is the person who himself is not a liable party to a bill of exchange but with the consent of the holder may intervene and accept the bill in the event that the bill is dishonored by non-acceptance,.,Guarantor,A guarantor is another third party who guarantees the acceptance and the payment of a bill of exchange.,Holder,A holder is a party who is in possession of the instrument.A holder can be the payee/bearer or the endorsee.,Holder for value,Holder in due course,Acts of Bill of Exchange,The acts of a bill of exchange refer to the legal acts carried out to bear the obligations to a draft.The main act of which is to issue.,In broad sense,the acts also include presentment,payment,payment for honor,dishonor,protest and the exercise of right recourse.,Issue,To issue a draft comprises two acts to be performed by the drawer.One is to draw a draft and sign it;the other is to deliver it to the payee.,Endorsement,Endorsement is made on the back of a bill of exchange.It is an act of negotiation.,Four Kinds of Endorsement,Special endorsement(Endorsement in full),Blank endorsement,Restrictive endorsement,Conditional endorsement,Presentment,Presentment/Presentation is to be made by the holder to the person designated as drawee for payment if it is a sight bill and for acceptance and payment if it is a time bill.,Bills must be presented for acceptance on the following occasions and failure to do so will make the holder lose the right of recourse against his prior parties.,Acceptance,Acceptance of a bill is the signification by the drawee of a time bill of his assent to the order of the drawer.The drawee has no liability on the bill until he signs the bill in such a way as to signify acceptance of liability to pay the money stated in the bill.,Payment,The ultimate purpose for a bill of exchange is to get paid.Payment is carried out when the bill is paid.Payment of a sight bill is made when the bill is presented to the drawee and payment of a time bill is made at maturity.,Dishonor,Dishonor is a failure or refusal to make acceptance or payment of a bill of exchange when presented to the drawee.A bill of exchange may be dishonored either by non-acceptance or by non-payment.When a bill is only offered a qualified acceptance,the holder may take it as dishonored by non-acceptance.Other instances of dishonor may arise when the drawees deliberate avoidance,his bankruptcy or even his death,which makes the acceptance or the payment impossible.,Notice of dishonor,When a bill is dishonored by non-acceptance or by non-payment,the holder must give notice of dishonor to the drawer and all the endorsers for whom the holder may wish to make liable.The purpose of giving such notice is to inform the drawer and prior endorsers the default of acceptance or payment so that they may get ready to honor the payment.,Protest,Protest is a formal certificate given by a notary party or other authorized person to evidence that a bill of exchange has been dishonored.The protest should be done on the very day or no later than the next business day from the da