单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Main contents:,(s,emantic field),1.）definition of,hyponymy,2.,）,superordinate and hyponym,3.）relationship between,superordinate and hyponym,4.）use of superordinate and hyponym,5.）meronymy,英语词汇学第六章同义反义上下义汇总课件,1,semantic field theory 语义场理论,vocab.of a language is not just a,listing of independent items,but,organized into,areas or fields,the,members of which are joined,together by some,common,semantic component.,(,Jost Trier /German 1930s),semantic field theory 语义场理论,2,words of a semantic field are,not,synonyms,but are joined together by some,common semantic component,words in the,same semantic field,may have a number of,collocations in common,pork/beef-fry,stew,roast,raw,words of a semantic field are,3,3.Hyponymy,词与词之间的上下义关系,(hierarchical classifications),3.1.Hyponymy-semantic inclusion,语义内包）,-relationship which obtains between,general,and,specific,lexical items,(between the,genus,（类概念,）and the,species,（种概念,）,.,3.Hyponymy 词与词之间的上下义关系,4,Note:*-grammatical structure:,He likes,dogs,and other,animals,.,There is no,flower,more beautiful than a,rose,.,I like all,fruits,except,bananas,.,She reads,books,all day-mostly,novels,.,Note:*-grammatical structu,5,Move,Walk run jog swim fly,英语词汇学第六章同义反义上下义汇总课件,6,3.2.,super,ordinate and,hypo,nym,上义词/下义词,superordinate or upper term:,-the more inclusive words,hyponym,lower term or subordinate:,-the more specific words,kinship:father/mother/brother/cousin,process of cooking:roast,boil,cook,grill,3.2.superordinate and hypony,7,Furniture,bed,table,sofa.chair,（,co-hyponym,共,下义词）,-set of terms which,are hyponyms of the,same superordinate,term.,Furniture,8,3.3.relationship between superordinate and hyponym:,relative,Living,(plant,)(,animal,),(,tree,flower bush)(tiger wolf,sheep,),(,pine,oak maple )ram ewe lamb,(white pine/yellow pine ),3.3.relationship between supe,9,3.4.,use of superordinate and hyponym,General,terms:,vague/trite,(thing,go),-Specific,words-add,force,clarity,and evoke,vivid,pictures.,walk,3.4.use of superordinate and,10,*meronymy(局部与整体关系）,Meronymy-a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items.,cover/page,book,X is part of Y.,A page is part of a book.,Y has X.,A book has pages.,(hierarchical classifications.),*meronymy(局部与整体关系）,11,代表整体的词：holonym,代表局部的词：meronym,属于局部的词:co-meronyms共局部词,e.g:book:holonym,cover/page:,co-meronyms,共局部词,英语词汇学第六章同义反义上下义汇总课件,12,Plant,leaf,bud,stem,root,flower,shoot,Petal stamen,Plant,13,4.synonymy,词与词之间的同义关系,14,Main contents:,4.1.definition of synonymy,4.2.sources of synonyms,4.3.kinds of synonyms,#differences between relative,synonyms,4.4.effects of synonyms,Main contents:,15,4.1.definition of,synonymy,synonymy,:,-,refers to the sameness relation,between words.,Synonym:,-a word that is equivalent in,sense to another word.,4.1.definition of synonymy,16,4.1.definition of,synonymy,synonymy,:,-,refers to the sameness relation,between words.,Synonym:,-a word that is equivalent in,sense to another word.,4.1.definition of synonymy,17,4.2.Sources of synonyms,A.historical reason:,a)Anglo-Saxon(,native,),b)French,Latin,Greek,(foreign,elements),英语词汇学第六章同义反义上下义汇总课件,18,Patterns:,doublets:,native words /borrowed,成对同义词 homely domestic,house mansion,triplets:,Anglo-Saxon French Latin,rise mount ascend,Patterns:,19,B.geographical reason,American/British English,dialect:girl lass,C.linguistic phenomenon,pick up choose,fall out quarrel,D.figurative meaning,star-gazer day dreamer,walk of life occupation/profession,B.geographical reason,20,e)euphemism/vulgarism,to lie-to distort the fact,poor-needy,deprived,underprivileged,disadvantaged,strike-industrial action,e)euphemism/vulgarism,21,4.3.Kinds of synonyms,a.,complete(absolute/total),s,ynonym,b.,relative synonym,quasi-synonym,loose synonym,4.3.Kinds of synonyms a.c,22,plete,(absolute/total)synonym,(,rare),-two words identical in meaning,i.e.interchangeable in all contexts,and with identical connotation.,e.g.:word-building word formation,fricative spirant摩擦音,plete(absolute/total)s,23,b.Relative synonyms,-those that denote different shades of,meaning or different degrees of given,quality.,英语词汇学第六章同义反义上下义汇总课件,24,Differences between relative synonyms:,A)different in degrees of given quality,semantic intensity,-I hate people who tell lies.,-I detest people who tell lies.,B)-different in emotional color,-economical/stingy,-intellectual/egghead,Differences between relative,25,C)different in stylistic meaning,(level of formality):,fearful /afraid /yellow,D)different in collocation or distribution,(syntagmatic relation),accuseof,charge with,reproachwith(for),F)different in local color,lift/elevator,C)different in stylistic mean,26,4.4.effect of synonyms,a.avoid repetition/achieve precision,They,hide out,on the illegal journey in the,smugglers,cars,trucks and vans,sometimes,stowing away,in cardboxes or,disappearing,behind the loads of watermelons and sacks of potatoes.,4.4.effect of synonymsa.avoi,27,b.satisfy stylistic purpose,:,cease to think,gone to slee