单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,DNA损伤、修复和重组,突,变,变,和,和,突,突,变,变,发,发,生,生,(mutationandmutagenesis),DNA,损,损,伤,伤,(,(DNAdamage,),),DNA,修,修,复,复,(,(DNArepair,),),重,组,组,(,(recombination,),),突,变,变,概,概,念,念,突,变,变,(,(mutation,),),DNA,分,分,子,子,碱,碱,基,基,序,序,列,列,的,的,可,可,遗,遗,传,传,改,改,变,变,突,变,变,体,体,(,(mutant,),),与,野,野,生,生,型,型,(,(+,),),相,相,对,对,突,变,变,剂,剂,(,(mutagen,),),突,变,变,发,发,生,生,(,(mutagenesis,),),自,发,发,突,突,变,变,(,(,spontaneousmutation,),诱发突变(,inducedmutation,),1.DNA,碱基序列改变的,多,多少,单点突变,(pointmutation),碱基替换(base substitution),转换(transition)A-T,G-C,颠换(transversion)A-T,T-A,碱基增加(base addition),碱基删除(base deletion),多点突变(multiplemutation),突变类型,2.对遗传信,息,息的改变,无声突变(silent mutation),GAG(Glu),GAA(Glu),中性突变(neutral mutation,),),GAG(Glu),GAC/U(Asp),错义突变(missensemutation),GAG(Glu),AAG(Lys),无义突变(nonsensemutation,Chain termination mutation),GAG(Glu),UAG(Stop),渗漏突变(Leaky mutation),人的蚕豆病(葡,萄,萄糖-6-磷酸,脱,脱氢酶),移框突变(frameshift mutation),3.对外界环,境,境的敏感性,非条件突变(nonconditionalmutation),条件突变(conditional mutation),温度敏感型突变,(ts mutant,temperature-sensitive),1.根据错误,碱,碱基的产生方式,直接诱变(direct mutagenesis),错配碱基没有被DNA修复系统,去,去除,如:5-BU,间接诱变(indirectmutagenesis),转移损伤DNA,合,合成(translesion DNA synthesis),在下一轮复制:,模板链可以修复/子链产生突变,定向的(targetted)/非定向的(untargetted),SOS修复系统,(,(原核生物),DNA聚合酶,(,(真核生物),突变发生类型,2.根据是否,有,有突变剂的参与,突变发生,突变发生类型,自发突变(spontaneous mutation),1.碱基错配,错配修复(mismatchrepair),2.碱基互变,异,异构:,亚氨基,A,*-C,C*-A;,烯醇式T,*-G,G*-T,3.脱嘌呤(depurination)AP endonucleases,4.脱氨基(deamination),C,U/尿嘧,啶,啶-N-葡糖基,酶,酶,(100C/genome/day/human cell),突变热点(Hot spots,),),C MeC(4%),G-C G-T(MeC,deamination),不能被mismatch repair修复,诱发突变(induced mutation,),),物理突变剂,高能离子辐射(X射线,,射线),失去电子,打断双链,破坏碱基和糖基,非离子辐射,形成新化学骨架,紫外线 嘧,啶,啶二聚体,突变剂,A,T,A,BU,A,BU,*,A,T,G,BU,*,A,T,A,T,G,C,G,BU,*,化学突变剂,1.碱基类似,物,物,5-溴尿嘧啶(BU),2.亚硝酸,(HNO,2,),C,U,,与,与A配对,G,C A,T,AH(次黄,嘌,嘌呤),与C,配,配对,AT,GC,GX(黄嘌,呤,呤),与,与C配对,不,引,引起突变,3.羟氨(,HA,),C,N-4-羟-C,与A,配,配对,G,C A,T,5.嵌合剂,吖啶橙、原黄素,、,、吖黄素等吖啶,类,类染料,嵌,嵌合到,DNA,碱基对之间,base addition/deletion/frameshift mutation,4.烷基化试,剂,剂,甲基甲磺酸(MMS)/乙基亚,硝,硝基脲(ENU,),),硫酸二甲酯/,甲,甲磺酸乙酯(EMS)/乙磺,酸,酸乙酯(NNG,),),GO6-alkyl-G,与,与T配,对,对,G,C,A,T,TO4-alkyl-T,与,与G,配,配对,A,T,G,C,自发损,伤,伤:,脱,脱氨基/脱,嘌,嘌呤,外源损,伤,伤:,1.,氧,氧化损,伤,伤,(,需氧细,胞,胞),活性氧,:,超氧化,物,,过氧,化,化氢和,羟,自由基,(,OH,),8-氧,鸟,鸟嘌呤,,,,2-,氧,氧腺嘌,呤,呤,5-甲酰,尿,尿嘧啶,2.,烷,烷基化,损,损伤,影响DNA复,制,制和转,录,录时的,解,解旋,多数是,间,间接诱,变,变,3.,加,加成损,伤,伤,嘧啶二,聚,聚体,苯并芘,(,(肝脏,细,细胞色,素,素P-450,),),双环氧,物,物-G,芳基化,试,试剂,黄曲霉,毒,毒素B1(肝,致,致癌剂,),),DNA,损伤,(DNA damage),1.,复,复制修,复,复,尿嘧啶,糖,糖基酶,系,系统(uracil-N-glycosylase),错配修,复,复(mismatch repair),2.,损,损伤修,复,复,光复活,(,(photoreactivation,),),暗修复,切除修,复,复(excision repair),重组修,复,复(recombinationalrepair,),),SOS,修,修复(SOSresponse,),),烷基转,移,移酶修,复,复(alkyltransferase,),),DNA,修,修复(DNArepair),尿嘧啶,糖,糖基酶,系,系统(,uracil-N-glycosylase),尿嘧啶-,N,-糖基,酶,酶,,AP,内切核,酸,酸酶,,PolI,,,DNA,连接酶,AGTGACTTAG,TCA,C,TGAATC,AGTGACTTAG,TCA,U,TGAATC,AGTGACTTAG,TCA TGAATC,AGTGACTTAG,TCATGAATC,AGTGACTTAG,TCACTGAATC,uracil-N-glycosylase,AP,内切核,酸,酸酶,PolI,TGA,DNA,连接酶,脱氨基,U,错配修,复,复(mismatch repair),G,A,TC,CTAG,CTAG,G,A,TC,*,*,T,G,G,A,TC,CTAG,CTAG,G,A,TC,*,*,T,G,CTAG,AG,TC,G,A,TC,*,T,G,G,A,*,C,T,T,G,A,TC,*,G,A,TC,*,CTAG,T,G,A,TC,*,G,A,TC,*,CTAG,错配矫,正,正酶,(MutL,MutS+,内切核,酸,酸酶,MutH),nick,PolI,,,DNA,连接酶,CTAG,光复活,(,(photoreactivation,),),可见光,(,(300600nm),光解酶,(,(PR,酶,酶),两个生,色,色团:,N,5,,N,10,-次甲,基,基四氢,叶,叶酸和FADH(,E.coli,),对环丁,烷,烷嘧啶,二,二聚体,(,(UV,),)作用,切断嘧,啶,啶二聚,体,体的化,学,学键,Error-free,TT,T,T,烷基转,移,移酶修,复,复,(alkyltransferase),去除,O,6,-甲基,鸟,鸟嘌呤,的,的甲基,只能用,一,一次,其他,烷基化,碱,碱基需,要,要切除,修,修复,AGCGTA,GAGCAT,CH3,SH,AGCGTA,GAGCAT,S,CH3,+,+,切除修,复,复,(excisionrepair)Error-free,原核生,物,物的,切除修,复,复,:,核苷酸,切除修,复,复(,nucleotideexcisionrepair,NER,),去除没,有,有被光,解,解酶修,复,复的嘧,啶,啶二聚,体,体,碱基,切除修,复,复(,base excision repair,BER),去除修,饰,饰碱基,真核生,物,物的NER:,GG-NER(globalgenomeNER),TC-NER(transcription-coupledNER),与GG-NER 相,似,似,除了RNA聚,合,合酶替,代,代XPC,5,5,3,3,5,3,5,3,5,3,5,3,5,3,5,3,UvrABC,PolI(或,和,),DNA,连接酶,NER,5,5,3,3,B,*,5,3,APsite,5,3,DNAglycosylase,5,3,AP,内切核,酸,酸酶,5,3,5,3,5,3,5,5,3,3,进一步,酶,酶切,Pol,BER,着色性,干,干皮病,(,(XP,),),常染色,体,体隐性,遗,遗传,,易,易癌,,对,对阳光,敏,敏感,NER,缺,缺失(7个基,因,因中的,一,一个缺,失,失),Cockayne,综,综合症,与转录,偶,偶连的,切,切除修,复,复缺失,对阳光,敏,敏感,,但,但不易,癌,癌,着色性,干,干皮病,变,变异体,(,(XP-V),NER,正,正常,DNA,聚,聚合酶,缺失(,嘧啶二,聚,聚体处,加入A,),),SOS,修,修,复,复,(,(SOSresponse,),),抑,制,制polIII,的,的,校,校,正,正,活,活,性,性,容,错,错DNA,复,复,制,制(error-proneDNAreplication),SOS,修,修,复,复,的,的,调,调,控,控,LecA,抑,抑,制,制SOS,基,基,因,因,转,转,录,录,阻,遏,遏,蛋,蛋,白,白,结,合,合,在,在,操,操,纵,纵,子,子,RecA,激,激,活,活SOS,基,基,因,因(DNA,合,合,成,成,异,异,常,常),重,组,组,活,活,性,性,ssDNA,结,结,合,合,活,活,性,性,RecA,RecA,*,蛋,白,白,酶,酶,活,活,性,性(,水,水,解,解LecA),抑,制,制,polIII,的,的,校,校,正,正,活,活,性,性,UvrA,、,、B,(,(,切,切,除,除,修,修,复,复,),),UmuC,、,、D,(,(,通,通,过,过,复,复,制,制,),),重,组,组,修,修,复,复,(Recombination-repair),复,制,制,后,修,复,(Post-replicationrepair),嘧,啶,啶,二,聚,体,引,起,DNA,双,螺,旋,旋,结,构,构,扭,曲,曲,DNA,聚,合,酶,停,滞,滞,在,更,远,的,的,距,离,重,重,新,新,复,制,制,新,合,合,成,成,的,的,链,留,下,下,一,个,个,缺,口,通,过,过,重,重,组,组,修,修,补,补,缺,缺,口,口,重,组,组,修,修,复,复,a,a,b,b,a,a,b,b,a,a,b,b,a,a,b,b,DNA,双,双,螺,螺,旋,旋,结,结,构,构,扭,扭,曲,曲,,,,DNA,聚,聚,合,合,酶,酶,停,停,滞,滞,DNA,聚,聚,合,合,酶,酶,在,在,更,更,远,远,的,的,距,距,离,离,重,重,新,新,复,复,制,制,,,,,新,新,链,链,留,留,下,下,缺,缺,口,口,通,过,过,重,重,组,组,修,修,补,补,新,新,链,链,缺,缺,口,口,修,补,补,母,母,链,链,缺,缺,口,口,同,源,源,重,重,组,组,位,点,点,特