单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Writing an Academic Paper(2),-Introduction,Quoting&Paraphrasing,Writing an Academic Paper(2),Differences between an Abstract&an Introduction,abstract,introduction,length,150-250 words,1/10-1/8 of the total,main purpose,summarize the research(esp.the objective and the main findings/conclusion),NOT to introduce the research area,introduce the research by presenting its context or background,Differences between an Abstrac,Composition of an Introduction,from general to specific,Literature review or theoretical preliminaries of the research,A statement of the problem(s),Aims and objectives of the research,Theoretical&practical significance of the research,Composition of an Introduction,Swales Moves in Writing an Introduction,Move 1,:Establishing a research territory,(,确立研究领域,),a.by showing that the general research area is important,interesting,problematic or relevant in some way(optional),b.by introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area(obligatory),Move 2,:Establishing a niche,(,设置合适的究研地位,),by indicating a gap in the previous research,raising a question about it,or extending previous knowledge in some way(obligatory),Move 3,:Occupying the niche,(,占据研究地位,),a.by outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research(obligatory),b.by announcing principal findings(optional),c.by indicating the structure of the research paper.(optional),Swales Moves in Writing an In,Tips of Writing an Introduction,DO,Consult the Guide to Authors for word limit,“Set the scene”,Outline“the problem”and hypotheses,Ensure that the literature cited is balanced,up to date and relevant,(the more relevant,the more space it deserves and the later it appears.),Define any non-standard abbreviations and jargon,DONT,Write an extensive review of the field,Cite disproportionately your own work,work of colleagues or work that supports your findings while ignoring contradictory studies or work by competitors,Describe methods,results or conclusions other than to outline what was done and achieved in the final paragraph,Overuse terms like“novel”and“for the first time”,-Elsevier Author Workshop,Tips of Writing an Introductio,Sentence Patterns in an Introduction,Recently there has been an growing interest in.,has generated wide interest in.,has been studied extensively in recent years.,Many researches have focused on,as opposed to.,Many scholars have done researches on.,Many investigations have recently turned to.,Although considerable research has been done on,much less is known as to.,A questions remains whether.,However,a key problem in.is.,remains unexplored.,Sentence Patterns in an Introd,Quoting,put exact word(s)in quotation marks,use ellipsis(,省略号,)for words left out,“In many academic circles in America,literary translation is still considered a secondary activity neither worthy of serious critical attention nor of general interest to the public”(Gentzler 1993:34).,no ellipsis at the beginning&end of each quotation,Quotations should be included in your sentence and fit grammatically into your sentence.,INCORRECT,Everything we do is an experience of a kind(Kenny 1996:45).,CORRECT,It can be argued that everything we do is an experience of a kind(Kenny 1996:45).,Quotingput exact word(s)in qu,Paraphrasing,restate others ideas without copying word for word,more generally used than quoting as it enables you to comment on,evaluate and summarize information,can be used with quotations(i.e.you can quote within a paraphrase),should be also referenced(because you are using someone elses ideas or information),not enclosed by quotation marks or indentation(,缩进,),Paraphrasingrestate others id,Unacceptable Paraphrasing=Plagiarism,use phrases from the original source without enclosing them in quotation marks,emulate(,模仿,)sentence structure even when using different wording,emulate paragraph organization even when using different wording or sentence structure,-,Statement on Plagiarism,.Department of Biology,Davidson College,http:/www.bio.davidson.edu/dept/plagiarism.html,Unacceptable Paraphrasing=Pl,Original(Gratz,1982):,Bilateral vagotomy resulted in an increase in tidal volume but a,depression in respiratory frequency such that total ventilation did,not change.,Restatement 1:,Gratz(1982)showed that bilateral vagotomy resulted in an,increase in tidal volume but a depression in respiratory frequency,such that total ventilation did not change.,This sentence is identical to the original except that the,author is attributed.It is a word-for word copying,without any changes and without quotation marks.,-,Ronald K.Gratz.,Using Others Words and Ideas,.,Department of Biological Sciences,Michigan Technological University,https:/www.geo.mtu.edu/asmayer/un1001/UN1001%20Fac%20Handbk%202_%20Using%20Others%20Words%20&%20Ideas.pdf,Original(Gratz,1982):,Original(Gratz,1982):,Bilateral vagotomy resulted in an increase in tidal volume but a,depression in respiratory frequency such that total ventilation did