,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,跨文化交际实训,ISBN：978-7-81134-892-7,2021年11月 第1版,Chapter 4,Cultural Values,Learning Objectives,In this chapter,you should be able toTo identify the definitions of value,To identify Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks value orientations,To identify Hofstedes cultural dimensions,What is meant by the term cultural value?,2.In what aspects do the Chinese culture and Western culture differ?,Warm-up,I.,Definitions of Value,价值的定义,Value:A value can be defined as a conception,explicit or implicit,distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group,of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes,means,and ends of action.,Key Terms,1.value,价值观,价值观是个人或群体所特有的一种显性的或隐型的认为什么是可取的观念，这一观念影响人们从现有的种种行动模式、方式和目的中做出选择。,Glossary,explicit,adj.,明确的，详述,implicit,adj.,含蓄的，暗示的,paradoxical,adj.,似是而非的，矛盾的,sanction,n.,处罚，约束力,What is value?Why is it useful?,2.What is cultural value?How are these values manifested within a given culture?,Comprehension Questions,II.Comparison between Western Values and Chinese Values 中西价值观比较,Table 4.1 Five Value Orientations,Orientation,Basic Values,Human Nature,Basically Evil,Mixture of Good and Evil,Basically Good,Relationship to Nature,Nature controls Humans,Harmony with Nature,Humans control nature,Sense of Time,Past,Present,Future,Activity,Being-who you are,Growing-becoming,Doing-what you are doing,Social Relationship,Hierarchy,Group,Individual,Human nature,-Mixture of Good and Evil vs.Basically Good,人类的天性,Relationship of humans to nature,-Mastery over Nature vs.Harmony with Nature,人与自然的关系,Sense of time-,Past Orientation vs.Future Orientation,时间观念,Activity,-Being Who You are vs.Doing What You are Doing,行为,Social relationships,-Individual vs.Hierarchy,社会关系,II.Comparison between Western Values and Chinese Values 中西价值观比较,Key Terms,Sense of time 时间观念,不同文化的时间观念是不一样的，人们对过去、现在和未来的侧重，从而形成了不同的时间取向。,过去时间取向重视过去发生的事情。重视传统，注重历史，主张把过去的经验和教训作为现在行事的重要参考人们在做事情时通常要考虑这个事情过去有没有人做过，有什么成功经验和失败教训，喜欢引经据典,崇拜祖先、敬老尊师，重视经验和年龄。人们相信过去的事情能够为制定决策和确定事实提供指导。,现在时间取向认为现在才是最有意义的。人们生恬在,过去和未来的结合点上，享受现在。模糊的未来是不可知 的、控制不了的，因此，他们不愿意对未来进行预测。,未来时间取向认为一切着眼于未来，他们很少回忆过,去。美国人是典型的未来取向的，他们一般不像其他,民族那样注重历史与传统，他们普遍相信：历史无足,轻重，时机人人均等，只要努力奋斗，就能获得成功。,他们认为未来是可以驾驭的，至少是可以受他们影响,的。变革意味着进步，新事物总是优越于旧事物。人,们相信进步，往往为将来发生的事情制定方案。,Hierarchy 社会阶层,所谓社会阶层是依据社会成员的经济、政治、教育、,文化等种种社会因素所划分的社会集团。每个人都处,在一定的社会阶层这由其家庭出身、职业、所拥有的,财富以及所受的文化教育所决定。,Key Terms,Glossary,visualize,v.,形象化,使看得见,continuum,n.,连续,flourish,vi.,繁荣，活跃,legislative,n.,立法机构,eliminate,v.,除去，忽略,corrupt,adj.,腐败的，堕落的,virtuous,adj.,有品德的，善良的,coordination,n.,协调,Glossary,hierarchy,n.,等级制度,reprimand,v.,训诫，谴责,autonomous,adj.,自治的,Comprehension Questions,1.Of the value orientations developed by the,Klukholns and Strodtbeck,which one has,impressed you the most?And why?,III.Cultural Dimensions,文化维度,Hofstedes Dimensions of Cultural Values,霍夫斯塔德文化价值维度,The five value dimensions are:,Individualism versus collectivism,Large and small power distances,Masculinity versus Femininity,Strong and weak uncertainty avoidance,Long-term orientation versus short-term orientation,Individualism Versus Collectivism,个人主义和集体主义,The characteristics of individualism are:,(1)The individual is the single most important unit in any social setting.Personal goals take precedence over group goals.,(2)Independence rather than dependence is stressed.People tend to be emotionally independent on organizations and institutions,(3)Individual achievement is rewarded.People strive hard to achieve individual identity in terms of possession and achievement in their professions.,(4)The uniqueness of each individual is of paramount value.They value individual decisions making and encourage competition rather than cooperation.,(5)A clash of opinions is believed to lead to a higher truth in individual cultures.,III.Cultural Dimensions,文化维度,The characteristics of collectivism:,(1)Collective cultures see the group as the most important social entity.,(2)Belonging to organization is emphasized.The individual is emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions.People expect to look after other members of their in-group in need and expect their group to look after them.,(3)It emphasizes the views,needs and goals of the in-group rather than oneself.Collectivists value harmony and avoid direct confrontation.,(4)It emphasizes common interests,conformity,cooperation,and interdependence.,(5)Direct confrontation is considered rude in collectivist cultures.,III.Cultural Dimensions,文化维度,Power Distance,权力距离,Small power distance societies,Large power distance societies,In the family:,Children encouraged to have a will of their own,Parents treated as equals,Children educated towards obedience to parents,Parents treated as superiors,At school:,Studentcentered education(initiative),Learning represents impersonal truth,Teachercentered education(order),Learning represents personal wisdom from teacher(guru),At work place:,Hierarchy means an inequality of roles,established for convenience,Subord