,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER,FIVE ERAS IN COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT,Pre-History,Electronics,Mini,Micro,Network,PRE-HISTORY ERA,4,th,century B.C.to 1930s,The abacus is believed to have been invented in 4,th,century B.C.,The Antikythera mechanism,a device used for registering and predicting the motion of the stars and planets,is dated to 1,st,century B.C.,Arabic numerals were introduced in Europe in the 8,th,and 9,th,century A.D.and was used until the 17,th,century,.,PRE-HISTORY ERA(CONTD),John Napier of Scotland invents logs in 1614 to allow multiplication and division to be converted to addition and subtraction.,Wilhelm Schickard,a professor at the University of Tubingen,Germany builds a mechanical calculator in 1623 with a 6-digit capacity.The machine worked,but it never makes it beyond the prototype stage.,Napiers Bones,PRE-HISTORY ERA(CONTD),Leonardo Da Vinci is now given credit for building the first mechanical calculator around 1500.Evidence of Da Vincis machine was not found until papers were discovered in 1967.,Blaise Pascal builds a mechanical calculator in 1642 with an 8-digit capacity.,Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an automatic loom controlled by punch-cards in the early 1800s.,Da Vincis Calculator,Pascals,Arithmetic,Machine,Jacquards Loom,PRE-HISTORY ERA(CONTD),Charles Babbage designs a“Difference Engine in 1820 or 1821 with a massive calculator designed to print astronomical tables.The British government cancelled the project in 1842;Babbage then conceives the“Analytical Engine,a mechanical computer that can solve any mathematical problem and uses punch-cards.,Augusta Ada Byron,Countess of Lovelace and daughter of English poet Lord Byron,worked with Babbage and created a program for the Analytical Engine.Ada is now credited as being the 1st computer programmer.,Charles Babbage,PRE-HISTORY ERA(CONTD),Samuel Morse invents the Electric Telegraph in 1837.,George Boole invents Boolean Algebra in the late 1840s.Boolean Algebra was destined to remain largely unknown and unused for the better part of a century,until a young student called Claude E.Shannon recognized its relevance to electronics design.,In 1857,only twenty years after the invention of the telegraph,Sir Charles Wheatstone,(the inventor of the accordian)introduced the,first application of paper tapes as a medium for the preparation,storage,and transmission of data.,Morse Code,Wheatstones paper tape,PRE-HISTORY ERA(CONTD),The first practical typewriting machine was conceived by three American inventors and friends,Christopher Latham Sholes,Carlos Glidden,and Samual W.Soule who spent their evenings tinkering together.,The friends sold their design to Remington and Sons,who hired William K.Jenne to perfect the prototype,resulting in the release of the first commercial typewriter in 1874.,Herman Holleriths Tabulating Machines were used for the 1890 census;the machines used Jacquards punched cards.,ELECTRONICS ERA1900-1964,In 1926,Dr.Julius Edgar Lilienfield from New York filed for a patent on a transistor.,Konrad Zuse,a German engineer,completes the 1,st,general purpose programmable calculator in 1941.,Colossus,a British computer used for code-breaking,is operational by the end of 1943.,ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzor and Computer)is developed by Ballistics Research Lab in Maryland and built by the University of Pennsylvania and completed in 1945.,ENIAC,ELECTRONICS ERA(CONTD),The transistor is developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1947.,UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer)is developed in 1951 and can store 12,000 digits in random access mercury-delay lines.,EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Computer)is completed for the Ordinance Department in 1952.,Transistor,EDVAC,ELECTRONICS ERA(CONTD),Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor both announce the integrated circuit in 1959.,The IBM 360 is introduced in April of 1964 and quickly becomes the standard institutional mainframe computer.By the mid-80s the 360 and its descendents have generated more than$100 billion in revenue for IBM.,TIs Integrated Circuit,IBM 360,MINI ERA(1959-1970),The Mini Era began with the development of the integrated circuit in 1959 by Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor.,Ivan Sutherland demonstrates a program called Sketchpad(makes engineering drawings with a light pen)on a TX-2 mainframe at MITs Lincoln Labs in 1962.,By 1965,an integrated circuit that cost$1,000 in 1959 now costs less than$10.,MINI ERA(CONTD),Doug Engelbart demonstrates a word processor in 1968.,Also in 1968,Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce founded a company called Intel.,Xerox creates its Palo Alto Research Center(Xerox PARC)in 1969.,Fairchild Semiconductor introduces a 256-bit RAM chip in 1970.,In late 1970 Intel introduces a 1K RAM chip and the 4004,a 4-bit microprocessor.Two years later comes the 8008,an 8-bit processor.,Doug,Engelbart,MICRO ERA1971-1989,Bill