1883,年,埃及发生了一次瘟疫大流行,一批批的病人相继死亡,共计,58500,人。,患者往往起病急,出现严重的腹泻和呕吐,米泔水样,(,rice water,),腹泻物。若得不到及时救治,常常在短时间内因全身脱水、肌肉痉挛和周围循环衰竭,造成休克而死。,问题:,1,、患者患有什么疾病?,2,、如何确诊?,3,、如何治疗?,1883年,埃及发生了一次瘟疫大流行,一批批,霍乱弧菌,德国细菌学家科赫通过尸体解剖和镜检,从肠道乳白色液体中发现了外形短小、略有弯曲、拖曳细小尾部而形如逗号的,霍乱弧菌,。通过水、食物、生活接触和苍蝇等传播而进入人体的“逗号”,导致了,霍乱,。,霍乱弧菌 德国细菌学家科赫通过尸体解剖和镜检,,霍乱弧菌,形态与染色:,革兰染色阴性,弧菌,排列如“鱼群”状。单端,鞭毛,,运动活泼。可取呕吐或腹泻物,作,悬滴法活菌检查,,,可见细菌呈穿梭状或流星雨样运动,。加入鞭毛血清(抗鞭毛抗体),运动终止(,制动试验阳性,)。,一、生物学特性,霍乱弧菌 形态与染色:革兰染色阴性,弧菌,排列,霍乱弧菌,培养特性:,耐碱怕酸,,最适,pH,为,8.8,9.2,,可在无盐环境中生长,常用,碱性蛋白胨水,或碱性琼脂平板培养。主要定植于小肠。,霍乱弧菌 培养特性:耐碱怕酸,最适pH为8.8,霍乱弧菌,抗原构造与分群:,H,抗原:无特异性;,O,抗原:分群。,O-1,群:,古典生物型,和,EL Tor,生物型,,引起霍乱,非,O-1,群:,O2,O138,,引起散发性胃肠炎,O-139,群:,1992,年新发现,毒力更强,引起霍乱,迄今,已发生过,7,次霍乱大流行。,1900,年,印度因霍乱死亡,80,余万人,创下印度单年霍乱死亡人数纪录。,霍乱弧菌 抗原构造与分群:H抗原:无特异性;O,霍乱弧菌,1,、致病物质:,鞭毛,(运动,穿过肠黏液层),,菌毛,(黏附至小肠黏膜上皮细胞表面微绒毛处),,霍乱肠毒素,。,二、致病性,霍乱弧菌 1、致病物质:鞭毛(运动,穿过肠黏液,霍乱弧菌,霍乱弧菌,霍乱弧菌,2,、所致疾病:,霍乱。吞食细菌后,2,3,天,突然出现剧烈的腹泻与呕吐(,上吐下泻,),每小时失水量可达,1L,,腹泻物呈,米泔水样,,导致严重脱水,电解质紊乱,代谢性酸中毒,肾衰竭,休克。如未经治疗,病死率高达,60%,。,霍乱弧菌 2、所致疾病:霍乱。吞食细菌后23,霍乱弧菌,1,、标本:,呕吐物、米泔水样粪便。,2,、直接镜检:,革兰染色阴性弧菌。悬滴法观察细菌,运动活泼,,呈穿梭状。,制动试验阳性,。,3,、分离培养与鉴定:,标本先接种至碱性蛋白胨水增菌,再作分离培养和革兰染色镜检。,三、微生物学检查法,霍乱弧菌 1、标本:呕吐物、米泔水样粪便。,霍乱弧菌,1,、治疗的关键措施:,及时补充水分和电解质。,四、防治原则,“,急则治其标,缓则治其本”。,霍乱弧菌1、治疗的关键措施:及时补充水分和电解质。四、防治原,霍乱弧菌,2,、预防措施:,甲类传染病,:,鼠疫,和,霍乱,。应在,2,小时,内向,CDC,报告,强制性隔离,加强国际性检疫。,乙类传染病,,,但纳入甲类管理,:,人感染,高 致病性,禽流感,、,SARS,(,传染性非典型肺炎,、严重急性呼吸综合症)、,肺炭疽,。,乙类传染病:,麻疹、获得性免疫缺陷综合征 (艾滋病)。,霍乱弧菌2、预防措施:甲类传染病:鼠疫,霍乱弧菌,易感者:,人类是霍乱弧菌的唯一易感者,传染源:,患者和带菌者,传播途径:,消化道:水、食物(海产品),霍乱弧菌易感者:人类是霍乱弧菌的唯一易感者传染源:患者和带,霍乱弧菌,美国第,11,任总统波尔克在离任后的第,103,天死于霍乱。一年后,继任者扎卡里,泰勒总统在独立日出席了华盛顿纪念碑奠基仪式,在返回白宫的途中,口渴的泰勒要了一杯冰冻混合饮料,,5,天后在总统任上命赴黄泉。,霍乱弧菌 美国第11任总统波尔克在离任后的第1,霍乱弧菌,A 15-year-old girl develops severy diarrhea,(腹泻),.The stool,(粪便),looks like“rice water.”It is voluminous more than 1L in the last 90 minutes.She has no fever and seems otherwise normal except th the effects of loss of fluid and electrolytes,(电解质),.Her fecal effluent is examined by darkfield microscopy,(显微镜),and found to contain comma-shaped organisms.,霍乱弧菌 A 15-year-old girl,霍乱弧菌,1,The most likely cause of her illness is,A,Clostridium difficile,(艰难梭菌),enterotoxin,B,Vibrio cholerae,(霍乱弧菌),enterotoxin,C,Shigella dysenteriae,(痢疾志贺菌),Shiga toxin,D,Enterohemorrhagic,E.coli,(肠出血性大肠埃希 菌),Shiga toxin E.,S.aureus,(金黄色葡萄球菌),enterotoxin,霍乱弧菌1The most likely cause of,霍乱弧菌,2,The microbial responsible for the patientss diarrhea is a toxin,(毒素),that,A,Blocks EF-2 and inhibits protein synthesis,B,Yields increased intracellular levels of cAMP,C,Yields increased intracellular levels of cGMP,D,Inbibits the release of acetylcholine,(乙酰胆 碱),at the synapse,(突触),E.Stimulates neural receptors,霍乱弧菌2The microbial responsibl,霍乱弧菌,3.Each of the following statements concerning the,pathogen,(病原体),is correct EXCEPT,A.It is a gram-negative bacterium,B.It grows best at a very high pH,(,8.8-9.0,),C.It is actively motile by means of a polar flagellum,(鞭毛),D.It is spread by contaminated water and food,E.It can induce an invasive infection,霍乱弧菌3.Each of the following,霍乱弧菌,4,The most important thing that can be done to treat the patient is,A,To give her ciprofloxacin,(环丙沙星),B,To give her the appropriate antitoxin,C,To treat her with fluid and electrolyte,replacement,D,To give her probiotic,(益生菌),E.To give her a toxoid,(类毒素),vaccine,霍乱弧菌4The most important thing,2,、,女,,41,岁。上腹胀痛,10,余年。常伴烧心,多在,餐,后约,1,小时发作,约,1,2,小时可自行缓解。秋冬,及,冬春季症状明显。胃镜下黏膜活检组织,Worthin-Starty,银染色阳性,提示细菌感染。,该,致病菌,的特,点不包括,(,2015,):,A.,尿素酶试验阳性,B.,至少需质子泵抑制剂加两种抗生素治疗,C.,培养时需要加入,5%,10%,羊血或马血,D.,革兰染色阳性,E.,培养,3,7,日可见针尖大小的菌落,2、女,41岁。上腹胀痛10余年。常伴烧心,多在餐,二、幽门螺杆菌,1,、形态、染色和培养特性:,呈螺旋形、,S,形或海鸥展翅状。有鞭毛,运动活泼。革兰染色阴性。微需氧菌,营养要求高,需加血液,,37,培养,3d,后,可见针尖状半透明的菌落。,尿素酶丰富,快速尿素酶试验强阳性,是鉴定该菌的主要依据之一。,二、幽门螺杆菌 1、形态、染色和培养特性:呈螺,2,、所致疾病:,是引起慢性胃炎和消化性溃疡(胃溃疡、十二指肠溃疡)的病原菌,与胃癌、胃黏膜相关,B,细胞淋巴瘤的发生密切相关。,二、幽门螺杆菌,2、所致疾病:是引起慢性胃炎和消化性溃疡(胃,3,、诊断,:,侵入性:取胃黏膜标本,首选尿素酶试验(强阳性,,*,尿素NH,3,*,CO,2,);,病原菌,分离培养;组织染色镜检,。,非侵入性:尿素,14,C呼气试验,,为,根除判断之首选。,4,、治疗:,三联疗法即质子泵抑制剂(奥美拉唑),2,种抗生素(阿莫西林、克拉霉素或替,/,甲硝唑)联用,疗程,7,14,天。,4,周后复查。,二、幽门螺杆菌,3、诊断:侵入性:取胃黏,2,、,女,,41,岁。上腹胀痛,10,余年。常伴烧心,多在,餐,后约,1,小时发作,约,1,2,小时可自行缓解。秋冬,及,冬春季症状明显。胃镜下黏膜活检组织,Worthin-Starty,银染色阳性,提示细菌感染。,该,致病菌,的特,点不包括,(,2015,):,A.,尿素酶试验阳性,B.,至少需质子泵抑制剂加两种抗生素治疗,C.,培养时需要加入,5%,10%,羊血或马血,D.,革兰染色阳性,E.,培养,3,7,日可见针尖大小的菌落,答案:,D,2、女,41岁。上腹胀痛10余年。常伴烧心,多在餐,谢谢!,谢谢!,