,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,替 代,替 代,1,导 语,替代（,Substitution,）和省略一样，也是一种避免重复和连接上下文的手段。替代 包括名词性替代,(Nominal substitution),、动词性替代,(Verbal substitution),和分句性替代,(Clausal substitution),。因此有三种替代词：名词替代词、动词替代词和分句替代词。,导 语 替代（Substitution）和,2,1.,名词性替代,用替代词取代名词词组或名词词组中心词这一语法现象叫名词性替代。名词替代词主要为,one/ones,还有,the same,the kind,the sort,等。,1.名词性替代 用替代词取代名词词组或名词词组,3,1.,替代词,one/ones,的用法,）替代词,one/ones,只能替代单数复数可数名词。例如：,There are good films as well as bad ones.(ones=films),They sent us a lot of small apples instead of big ones.(ones=apples),如果名词词组中心词是不可数名词，就不能用,one/ones,替代，要避免重复，通常采用名词性省略,:,We prefer green tea to black(tea).,I like fresh candy better than stale(candy).,1.替代词one/ones的用法）替代词one/,4,2,）替代词,one/ones,和它们所替代的名词词组中心词的“数”可以不一致。例如：,I prefer the big bottle to the small ones.,Compare the new edition with the old ones.,3,）替代词,one/ones,和它们所替代的名词词组中心词在句法功能上也可能不一致。例如：,Do you see those gentlemen over there?The one with grey hair is my father.,A:If only I could remember where it was that I saw someone putting away the box with those candles in,I could finish the decorations now.,B:You mean the little colored ones.,在上述第一例中，被替代的,gentlemen,在句中作宾语，而替代词,one,在句中作主语。在第二例中，被替代在句中作介词宾语，而替代词,ones,则是动词宾语。,2）替代词one/ones和它们所替代的名词词组中心词的“,5,4,）替代词,one/ones,一般带有修饰语，它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象，这是替代词,one/ones,用法上一个重要特征。例如：,I dont like this book.Id like a more interesting one.,Id like to have some big apples instead of small ones.,在上述第一例中，,one,虽然等于,book,，但“这本书”和“更有趣味的书”显然不是同一对象：同样地，第二例中的,ones,虽然等于,apples,，但“小苹果”和“大苹果”所指也并非一物。其所以所指对象不同是因为替代词,one/ones,通常带有表示对比含义的修饰语。,替代词,one/ones,所带的修饰语可以前置，也可以后置。前置修饰语一般是限定词和形容词，通常带有重音，表示对比含义。例如：,4）替代词one/ones一般带有修饰语，它们和所替代的名,6,I prefer an old coat to a new one.,The new building was a four-story one.,当替代词,one/ones,带有后置修饰语时，它们前面总有定冠词，这种后置修饰语可以是形容词词组或者非限定分句。例如：,Compare this picture with the one painted by your brother.,也可以是副词、介词词组或关系分句。例如：,This room and the one upstairs are well furnished.,Ill read this book as soon as I finish the one Im reading.,I prefer an old coat to a,7,带后置修饰语的替代词,one/ones,也常见于比较分句中。例如：,Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before.,I like this picture better than the one you showed me yesterday.,替代词,one/ones,在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如,this,which,，序数词等之后可以省略。例如：,I want the fifth volume,not the fourth(one).,If I miss the 9:15 train,Ill catch the next(one).,The second chapter is much longer than the first(one).,带后置修饰语的替代词one/ones也常见于,8,替代词,one/ones,通常不用在名词属格之后，也不用在形容词性物主代词,+own,之后。例如可以说：,This is my house and thats Peters.,不可以说：,*,This is my house and thats Peters one.,可以说：,I dont like to live long in a foreign country;I want to go back to my own,不可以说：,*,I dont like to live long in a foreign country;I want to go back to my own one.,替代词one/ones通常不用在名词属格之后，,9,(5),替代词如果不带任何前置修饰语，即它的前面既没有限定词也没有形容词时，便不是替代名词中心词而是替代整个名词词组。例如：,The question is one(=a question)of a great importance.,If you want a friend,youll find one(=a friend)in me.,由上述诸例可以看护粗，替代词,one,的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个，相当于不定冠词，因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数的事物，只能用,some,。试比较：,Here are a few apples.Would you like one(=an apple)?,Here are a few apples.Would you like some(=some of them)?,(5)替代词如果不带任何前置修饰语，即它的前面既没有限定词,10,因此不可以说：,*,Here are a few apples.Would you like ones?,替代词,one,不带前置修饰语时，同样也不可以替代不可数名词。例如可以说：,Here is the fruit.Would you like some?,而不可以说：,Here is the fruit.Would you like one?,替代词,one,的这种用法与人称代词的用法仍然有所不同。前者泛指同类事物中的一个，而人称代词则是具体指代某个同一的对象。试比较：,I want a TV set,but I cant afford to buy one,(=a TV set).,I want this TV set,but I cant afford to buy it,(=this TV set).,因此不可以说：,11,上述第一例如果改用,it,便是病句。,*,I want a TV set,but I cant afford to buy it.,因为,it,和它所代替的名词词组所指为同一对象，应带定冠词或其他特指限定词，但上文的名词词组没有特指意义，因而只能用,one,，不能用,it,。,要注意区别替代名词词组的,one,，替代名词词组中心词的,one,和数词,one,。试比较：,A:Can I have those apples?,B:You have already got one(=an apple).,（在这里，重音落在,got,上，,one,不重读，如果重读便成为数词。）,Youve already got a red one(=an apple).,上述第一例如果改用it便是病句。,12,（在这里，重音落在,red,上，,one,不重读，替代名词词组中心词。）,You can have one;give the rest to your little brother.,（这句的,one,要重读，它是数词，表示“一个”。）,还要注意区别替代词,one,与不定人称代词,one,。如前所述，不定人称代词,one,泛指“人”，相当于,any person,（包括说话人和对方在内），只有单数形式，也不带修饰语，通常单独使用，构成名词词组，只作句子的主语，并有属格,ones,和反身形式,oneself,。,one,的这种用法与替代词,one,在意义上是完全不同的。例如：,One should do ones/his duty.,If one wants to know a thing,one/he ought to come into contact with it.,One cant be too careful,can one/he?,（在这里，重音落在red上，one不重读，替代名词词组中,13,1.B,其他名词替代词,）替代词,the same,的用法,the same,可用作整个名词词组的替代词，通常指物，但与它所替代的名词词组并非指同一对象。例如：,A:Ill have two poached eggs on toast,please.,B:Ill have the same.,在这里，,the same,并非表示,the same eggs,，而是替代在上文作宾语的整个名词词组,two poached eggs on toast,，当然不可能共指第一个说话人所要的那份荷包蛋土司。,1.B 其他名词替代词）替代词the same的用法,14,替代词,the same,一般不可以再带有修饰语，但可以带有表示保留或条件的后置修饰语。例如：,A:Ill have two poached eggs on toast,please.,B:Ill have the same but fried.,Ill have the same without the fried.,A:Id like a cup of tea.,B:Id like the same with milk but without sugar.,替代词the same一般不可以再带有修饰语，但,15,规章等正式文体中，替代词,the same,有时也可以和它所替代的词语共同指一个对象。例如：,The society shall keep minutes of its proceedings,which shall be available for public inspection.From tim