Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Effective Persuasion in Writing and Speaking,Learning Objectives,After this session,you should be able to,Distinguish between persuasive writing and other writing types such as exposition.,Use a set of persuasive devices and evaluate others writing and speaking critically in light of such devices.,Speak and write reasonably and logically through effective persuasion.,Persuasively argue about topics relevant to daily life,academic pursuit,career and other contexts.,Write a persuasive poem for public-service announcements.,Modes of Writing,Exposition,1,Persuasion/,Argumentation,2,Description,3,Narration,4,Communications may be divided into,four,modes,(,types,).They are the,basic writing types,.,To explain or inform,To convince or persuade,To create in words a picture of a person,place,object,or feeling,To tell a story or recount an event,What is Persuasive Writing?,Definition:In a,persuasive essay,you must take a position,either,for,or,against,something;,You are writing to convince your reader to believe or do something;,In other words,there will be a,call to action,in a persuasive essay.,Significance of persuasion,Men are not governed by justice,but by law or,persuasion,.When they refuse to be governed by law or persuasion,they have to be governed by force or fraud,or both.,-Bernard Shaw,Lead-in Task 1(1 minute)When to Persuade an Audience,Directions,:,Can you think of other persuasive contexts?,Work in groups.Find out as many,situations,as you can,where you need to persuade others,.,E.g.,You persuade your teacher never to give homework again.,You persuade your mom to let you wear a hairstyle she doesnt like.,You persuade your friend to join an association with you.,Outline of a Persuasive Essay,Introduction,Body paragraphs,Opposing view and counterargument,Develop one paragraph to accurately explain the most significant opposing view and then refute it,before or after presenting your supporting points.,Conclusion,-Creatively restate your main idea.,Persuasive Strategies in Speaking and Writing,1.,Understand your Audience,2.,Build common ground,3.,Predict the opposing views and create a strong counterargument,to refute them,4.,Support your perspective with reliable sources,Understand Your Audience,Relate your audience to your topic.,Appeal to their hearts as well as their minds.,Use,anecdotes,when appropriate.,Paint your topic in with plenty of,details,appeal to reason,appeal to emotion,Establish common ground with your audience,E.g.,Point of Opposition,:,You might support a war,whereas your audience might not.,Common ground,:,Both sides want to see their troops come home.,E.g.,To favor,tuition increase in the university an unpopular viewpoint with the audience.,As we all know,there are many differences among the people in this university.,But regardless of age,major,background,or goals,we all share one thing in common we are all concerned with the quality of education in university,.And that quality is clearly in danger.Because of budget reductions,faculty salaries have fallen below those at comparable universities,library hours have been cut back,and more and more students are being crowded out of classes they need to take.,Whether we like it or not,we have a problem a problem that affects each of us.I would like to discuss whether this problem can be solved by an increase in tuition.,Predict opposing views,You must be aware of other sides and be fair to them;dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument.,Example:,Your Argument,:,Organic produce,(,有机农产品,),from local Farmers Markets is better than store-bought produce.,The Opposition,:,Organic produce is too expensive.,Create a Strong,Counterargument,:,Organic produce is higher in,nutritional,value than store-bought produce and is also free of,pesticide,s,making it a better value.Also,store-bought produce travels thousands of miles,and the cost of gasoline affects the prices of food on supermarket shelves.,Using transitions to acknowledge opposition,Use transitional words or phrases to make concession before refuting the opposing view:,Certainly/Of course/No doubt /To be sure,Admittedly,Granted,although its true to say that,while its fair to say while,I agree that,Admittedly,it is difficult,but it isnt impossible,.,Granted,its not a pleasant job,but it has to be done.,Followed by what you agree with,then what you dont agree with,or a contrasting idea),Support Your Perspective with Reliable Sources,Build credibility/Ethos,(Aristotles term),Use evidence(logos)from credible sources,Esp.statistics and reputable studies,-Appeal to the audiences reason,Question,:Which one of the following statements(imaginary)is more credible?,“Within ten years,changes in technology will make todays,personal computers,seem hopelessly old-fashioned.”(,Bill Gates,)