单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2016/4/25,#,英汉语言对比分析,词与词序,一 英汉词汇比较,英语是拼写文字，汉语是,表意文字,英语词义比较灵活多变，汉语词义相对稳定,严谨,英语有屈折变化，汉语没有屈折变化,Notes:,在英语中，有八个屈折语素，它们分别是：,1-s,名词所有格，,2-s,名词复数,3-ing,动词现在分词,4 s,动词第三人称单数,5 ed,动词过去式,6 ed,动词过去分词,7 er,形容词比较级,8-est,形容词最高级,1,英语动词形态变化复杂，给翻译设置了不少障碍,。,It is ten years since he was a fisherman.,他有十年不打鱼了,。,2,英语词义灵活，词义变化表现出较大的随意性。,The relief troops came at the eleventh hour.,千钧一发之际援兵终于来到了,。,at the eleventh hour,千钧一发之际，在最后一刻,3,各国发展的不平衡，带来了词汇空白，这就要求通过意译或直译引进新的表现手法,e-mail,Internet,mobile phone,Mars Exploration Rover,knowledge economy,leisurewear,fast food chain store,multimedia,SOHO,smog,workaholic,电子邮件,因特网,手机,火星探索,车,知识经济,休闲,装,快餐连锁店,多媒体,居家,办公,烟雾,工作狂,4,英汉两种语言都有一词多义现象，需要审慎辨义,。,I saw him lying on the couch asleep.,我看见他躺在沙发椅上睡着了。,The issue lies with you.You must decide.,这件事要看你的了，你必须拿定主意。,Dont lie any more.I dont trust you.,别再撒谎，我不相信你。,5,英语中大量习语的存在，增加了翻译的困难。这里所说的习语（,idioms,）包括俗语（,colloquialisms,），谚语（,proverbs,）、俚语（,slangs,）等。,套用汉语习语,Better say“here it is”than“here it was”.,少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。（宁可努力争取，不可事过悲伤。）,An apple does not fall from the apple tree.,落叶归根。,直译,The bread of charity is bitter.,施舍的面包是苦的。,意译,A stick is quickly found to beat a dog with.,欲加之罪，何患无辞。,直意译,结合,Caution is the parent of safety.,谨慎为安全之本。,At 20 years of age the will reigns;at 30 the wit;at 40 the,judgement,.,二十立志，三十有智，四十有识。,Who will win the White House in 2017?,2017,谁将入主白宫？,二 英汉词类对照,英汉都有实词（,full word,）与虚词（,form word,）之分，语法作用也大体相同，但是也有许多不同点,。,1,英语有冠词，而汉语没有,。,不定冠词在表示类别时候，不必翻译,出来,Dont mistake an old goat for a preacher because of his beard.,老羊长长须，并非传教士。（年高未必才高，不能只看外表。,）,许多情况下，定冠词也略而不译,。,The end does not justify the means.,即使目的正确，也不能不择手段。,当然有时需要用“这”或“那”将定冠词翻译出来,。,2,英语的连词的使用频率远远高于汉语，因为英语重形态结构，而汉语重内在联系。翻译时，不少连词略而不译。,Write to me when you have time.,有时间就给我写信。,They were so moved that tears came to their eyes.,他们感动得热泪盈眶。,Army men and civilians are united as one.,军民团结如一人。,3,英语借此数量多，使用广泛，意义变化大；而汉语介词则比较少，使用面较窄，意义比较稳定。,有些表示时间、地点的介词可以略而不,译,In 1987,he left his old mother alone for New York.,1987,年，他扔下年迈的母亲到纽约去了,。,有些含有动作意味的介词，,如,to,towards,across,past,等，可转译成,动词,Across the street,he went into the post and telecommunications office.,他穿过大街，走进邮电局。,4,英语代词的使用频率高于汉语，因而常常略而不,译,He covered his eyes with his hands.,他用手捂住眼睛。,5,名词在英汉中都起着重要作用，从翻译的角度看，应特别注意一下几点,：,首先，有些名词的单数形式和复数形式意义不同,custom,customs,economy,economies,damage,damages,ground,grounds,export,exports,习俗,风俗,海关，关税,经济，,节约,节约,措施,损坏,赔偿费,场地,理由,出口,出口货物,第二，对,某些抽象名词采用具体化译法，有时需增加“现象”、“状况”、“情绪”等,词,u,nemployment tension arrogance shortage,失业现象,紧张局势,骄傲情绪,短缺情况,第三，名词所有格不一定译成“的”,字,a birds-eye view of London,St.,Peters,the barbers,鸟瞰伦敦 圣彼得教堂,理发店,第四，有些名词复数概念需要翻译,出来,Efforts should be made to overcome the disadvantages.,应努力克服种种不利因素。,Steps have been taken,but without success.,已经采取了一些步骤，但毫无结果。,In spite of his reasons,he still could not escape criticism.,尽管他有各种理由，但仍然不能逃避批评。,第五，英语名词的使用频率高于汉语名词，而动词的情况恰恰相反，因此在翻译中，一些具有动作概念的名词往往译成汉语,动词,They fell in love at first sight.,他们一见钟情。,The passage of the bill by houses of Congress was hopeful.,两院很有可能通过该议案,。,6,动词,在英汉两种语言中都起着举足轻重的作用，但英语动词远比汉语动词复杂多变。英语中分词结构和动名词结构非常常见，而汉语根本就没有这种形态，因此翻译是必须利用汉语动词形态变化少而功能大的特点，重新安排句式，例如可将英语分词结构翻译成汉语动词连动式、复合式等,1,连动式,“Can you see?”Alice asked her little sister,holding her up to get a better view.,爱丽丝把小妹妹抱起来，让她看得清楚一点，问道：“你能看见吗,？,2,复合式（并列或从属）,The storm being over,we drove on.,风暴停了，我们继续驱车向前。,Given better attention,the young trees could have grown better.,如果给予更多注意，这些树苗还可以长得更壮一点。,三 词序对比,在英汉语言中，主语、谓语、宾语等的位置基本一致，而定语和状语的位置差异比较大，所以仅就此做简要比较。,1,定语,：,单词,作定语时，大都放在它修饰的词前面，英语和汉语类同。短语作定语时，英语中一般在后，汉语中一般在前。,1,）英语为前置，汉语也为前,置,two comfortable single beds,两张舒适的单人床,a clean-shaven bus driver,一位脸刮得干净的公交汽车司机,Chinas first SMS(short message service website),中国第一家短信网站,2,）英语为后置，汉语为前置,a hotel with a few Chinese touches,一家,有几分中国特色的旅馆,a base for underground activities,地下,活动基地,maiden flight for the plane Eagle,“小鹰”,号飞机的处女航,2,状语：英语中无论单词还是短语作状语，其位置如何，可根据汉语的习惯，灵活安排，确保译文通顺流畅,。,She looked at him with freezing eyes.,她冷冰冰地望着他。,The Negros shadow was huge and it moved on the wall as the breeze moved the lamp.(Ernest Hemingway:The Old man and the Sea),黑人的影子很魁梧，风吹焰动，人影随着晃悠。（张爱玲）,句子,一 概述,英语重形，汉语重意；英语造句多用形合法（,Hypotaxis,），汉语造句多用意合法（,Parataxis,）,。,英语,主要以词汇为纽带，汉语主要以逻辑为纽带；英语造句主要借助连词、关系代词等形式骨架，汉语造句主要凭借隐含的逻辑关系将句子的各个部分统一起来,。,Never had she so honestly felt that she could have loved him as now,when all love must be vain.,她从未像现在这样真切地感到她会爱上他，只可惜如今总有千情万爱，也是枉然。,二，句子结构转换举例,1,英语简单句结构转换为汉语复句结构,Written language comes after spoken language,.,先有口语，后有笔语。（汉语联合复句）,He didnt drop out of school despite his poverty-stricken family,.,尽管他家境贫困，但他没有辍学。（汉语偏正复句）,2,英语复合句结构转换为汉语简单句结构,The policeman came to the criminal,who was more dead than alive.,警察走到半死不活的犯人跟前。,The use of an Inspection Stamp is limited to the person to whom it is issued.,检验印章仅限于印章持有者本人使用。,3,英语主从复合句结构转换成汉语联合复句结构,He said no word to his wife as she passed with a plate.,他妻子拿着一个盘子走过去，他连一句话都没有跟她说。,4,英语被动语态转换成汉语主动语态,Semi-finals of the“Mr.America”contest were held last Sunday.,上星期日举行了“美国先生”半决赛。,三 长句结构的转换,句子的长短是相对的。这里讨论的是如何进行比较长的英语句子的结构转换,。,动笔翻译之前，先要做到三点：,1,）弄清语法关系；,2,）区分主从意思；,3,）确定