,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,English Lexicology,Lecture One,English LexicologyLecture One,What is Lexicology?,The notion of word is central in the study of lexicology.,However,word is used traditionally to refer to a sequence of letters bounded by spaces.Apart from word,people use the words vocabulary,lexis,and lexicon,but these items may be considered“more or less synonymous”.,What is Lexicology?The notion,What is Lexicology?,Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language.,It deals not only with simple words in all their aspects,but also with complex and compound words.,Word is a complex phenomenon in our daily life.If we want to study words,we shall have to look at words from different perspectives.,What is Lexicology?Lexicology,Morphology,Lexicology is closely related to morphology,semantics and etymology,because these fields also deal with words.,Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components.In morphology,morpheme is a basic concept.The major purpose of study in morphology is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.,Morphology Lexicology is close,Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words.From morphemes,we can specify the kind of relationship they have with the non-linguistic world.,Morphemes are considered as th,Notice the following items:,bug,boy,through,builder,dipsticks,reading,.,bug,boy,and,through,cannot be divided further into meaningful units.,builder,dipsticks,and,reading,can be analysed as build+er,dip+stick+s,and read+ing.,Notice the following items:bu,Bug,boy,through,build,-er,dip,stick,-s,read,and,-ing,are all morphemes.,Bug,boy,through,build,dip,stick,and,read,are simple words while,er,-s and-ing,are only parts of words.,Bug,boy,through,build,-er,Semantics,Semantics studies meaning.It is usually approached from one of two perspectives:philosophical or linguistic.,Philosophical semantics is concerned with the logical properties of language,the nature of formal theories,and the language of logic.,Linguistic semantics involves all aspects of meaning in natural languages,from the meaning of complex utterances in specific context to that of individual sounds in syllables.,SemanticsSemantics studies mea,As semantics covers all aspects of human language,meaning should be studied by detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific context.,In fact,a number of factors are involved in the use of words.,We should approach meaning in relation not only to lexicology,but also to phonology,syntax,pragmatics,sociolinguistics,psycolinguistics,cognitive linguistics and text analysis.,As semantics covers all aspect,Etymology is the study of the whole history of words.,Etymological studies face several difficulties.,First,some words are not etymologically related to ancient forms.It is therefore difficult to establish and indicate their origins.Consequently,the forms from which such words are said to derive can only be produced by analogy.,Etymology is the study of the,Second,while it is possible to specify the exact time when some terms entered the language,it is clearly impossible to say exactly when a form was dropped,since words can disappear from use for various reasons.,Third,there can be no true or original meaning,since human language stretches too far back in history.,Second,while it is possible t,When speakers cannot analyze an obscure form,they use folk etymology to replace it with a different form which is morphologically transparent.,Example of folk etymology:,For the verb,depart,its initial use was restricted to wedding ceremonies to mean separate in the expression till death do us depart.Later,the verb became obsolete and was analyzed as do and part,hence the corresponding Modern English expression till death do us part.,When speakers cannot analyze a,Lexicography involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries,especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.,Lexicographical compilation is derived from lexicological theory.,Lexicography involves the writ,Dictionaries are compiled now mainly by lexicographers with linguistic knowledge.,People consider lexicography as applied lexicology.,Dictionaries are compiled now,What Is a Word?,Most fluent speakers of English seem to know what a word is.,However,word is used traditionally to refer to a sequence of letters bounded by spaces.,Apart from word,people use the terms vocabulary,lexis,and lexicon,but these terms may be considered“more or less synonymous”.,What Is a Word?Most fluent spe,Definition of Word,Many people tend to think of the word in visual terms,that is,as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.,Linguists have traditionally depended