单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Amplification in,Translation,增译法,作为翻译的一个普遍原则，译者不应该对原文的内容随意增减。不过，由于英汉两种语言文字之间所存在的巨大差异，在实际翻译过程中我们很难做到字词句上完全对应。因此，为了准确地传达出原文的信息，往往需要对译文作一些增减。所谓增译法，就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使译文在语法、语言形式上符合汉语的习惯并使译文在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文保持一致，以达到译文与原文在内容、形式和精神方面对等起来的目的。这里的增加不是无中生有地随意增加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些部分。从理论上说可以根据具体的上下文增加任何词,但在什么时候增加什么样的词，才能恰到好处，而不超出一定的界限，则需要悉心体会。,What is the function of amplification?,增译法的作用是什么？,Why is amplification is needed in translation?,为什么翻译中需要用到增译法？,The major means employed in amplification,.,Lexical Amplification,从词汇上考虑的增译,由于意义上的需要及英汉语言上的差异，英语中重复用词的情况较少，而汉语有时为了达到一定的修辞效果，经常使用重叠或排比句，翻译成汉语时需要在名词前增加动词。,1)Matter can be changed into energy,and energy into matter.,物质可以转换成能量，能量可以,转化,为物质。,2)Reading makes a full man,conference a ready man and writing an exact man.,读书使人充实，,讨论,使人机智，,写作,使人准确。,3)He could see that she had been patient all her life,so that now,after years of it,her lips were in a gentle and saintly smile.,他看得出，她一生都很有耐心。因此现在在经过多年的忍耐之后，她的嘴边总,挂着,一丝温柔圣洁的微笑。,增加动词,2.,增加形容词,1,),It will make a man of him in the college.,在那所大学里，一定能把他造就成,堂堂的,男子汉。,2)Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers.,速度,快,，可靠性,强,是电子计算机的主要优点。,3)It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it,of not being conscious of health until we are ill.,事情往往是这样，失却之物，方知珍惜；生了病才知道,健康,之可贵,。,3.,增加副词,根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定的场合可增加适当的副词，以确切表达原意。,1),After the thunderstorm,the clouds melted away.,雷雨过后，乌云,渐渐,散去。,2),Now and then,his boots shone.,他的靴子时时,闪闪,发光。,3)To make sure that my parents understood,I declared that I wanted nothing else.,为了让父母,切实,了解我的心思，我,特意,宣布，别的我什么也不想要。,4)As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.,他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝,地讲个没完。,4.,增加名词,A.,在不及物动词后增加名词,由于英语中有及物动词和不及物动词之分，有时宾语隐藏在动词后面，翻译成汉语时需要把宾语补充出来。,1)To do some shopping,买,东西,2)To do some washing,洗,衣服,3)He began to see things and to understand.,他开了眼界，懂了,一些,名堂,。,B.,在形容词前增加名词,1)It is really nice and cheap.You will regret for not buying it later.,这真是,物,美,价,廉，你不买会后悔的。,2),She was walking in the street alone,weary and ragged.,她独自一人走在大街上,面容,憔悴，,衣衫褴褛,。,3)He was wrinkled and black,with scant gray hair.,他满,脸,皱纹,皮肤,很黑,头发灰白稀疏。,C.,在抽象名词后面增加名词,1)The leader is not satisfied with our preparation.,领导对我们的准备,工作,不满意。,2)We will help this region out of its backwardness.,我们要帮助这一地区摆脱落后,状况,。,D.,在具体名词后面增加名词,当具体名词表达一种抽象概念时，译文中也常根据上下文增加一些适当的名词。,1)He felt the patriot rise within his breast.,他感到一种爱国,热情,在胸中激荡。,2)He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge,and declared his own son guilty.,他让法官的,职责,战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。,概括词是英汉两种语言所共有的，但有时英语句子中并没有出现概括词，而翻译的时候却往往可以加入“两人”、“双方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。,1),The Americans and Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of message.,美日,双方,在完全保密的情况下交换了情报,。,2),The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.,该论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星、火箭,这三方面,的成就。,3),The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification,amplification,oscillation,modulation and detection.,(整流，放大，震荡，调制，检波),（,五大,主要功能）,5.,增加概括词,1),For mistakes had been made,bad ones.,因为已经犯了许多错误，,而且还是,很糟糕的错误。,2),Yes,I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days.Sort of the fashion.,不错，我是喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，,这种情况,算是有点赶时髦吧。,6,.增加承上启下的词,在翻译时，特别是进行语篇翻译时，更需要目的语的连贯性，以准确表达原文意义，这就需要增加适当的词以起承上启下的作用。,英语中数词或不定冠词与可数名词往往直接连用,它们之间没有量词。而汉语往往要借助量词。因此,翻译时应根据汉语表达的习惯恰当地增加量词。,7.,增加量词,1)A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.,一,轮,红日从平静的海面冉冉升起。,2)He has two bikes.,他有两,辆,自行车。,3)Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.,一,弯,新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云层里去了。,汉语中的名词没有复数概念，也没有词形上的变化，很多情况下不必表达出来；而英语中的名词有词形的变化，但没有量词，所以在翻译成汉语的时候，可根据情况增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达复数的概念，以达到修辞效果。,8.,增加表达复数的词,1)There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.,一,排排,的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。,2)The lion is the king of animals.,狮子是,百,兽之王。,3)The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.,群山,开始向山谷投下,一道道,蔚蓝色的长影。,1)The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.,原来，是那位老人,已经教会了,孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。,2)I had never thought Id be happy to find myself considered unimportant.But this time I was.,以前,我,从未想过,，当我发觉人们认为我无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况的确如此。,3)It was said that his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.,听说，,从前,他爸爸是个打鱼的。他,过去,也许跟我们,现在,一样穷。,9.,增加表达时态的词,.Syntactical Amplification,从句法结构上考虑的增译,1.,增补原文中省略部分,1)Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.,从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的,失败中吸取教训,更好。,2)We dont retreat,，,we never have and never will.,我们不后退，我们从没有,后退过,，将来也决不,后退,。,3)Having a lot of advantages,this machine will eventually be,be replaced.,尽管这台机器有很多优点,但它总有一天会被,别的机器所,替代。,有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上下文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如转折、假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译成汉语的时候，要适当地在句中或句子之间补充关联词和承上启下的词。,2.,增补表示逻辑关系的词语,1)The,strongest,man,cannot,alter,the,law of nature.,即使是,最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则。,2)More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.,如果,测试更为彻底，也许一开始就能找出故障。,3.,增补/重复同位语结构中的先行词,1)As a result,a few taken meetings were being set up through Foggy Bottom,the more-than-ever appropriate nickname for the Department of State.,结果在“雾谷”召开了几