,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,*,The Transformation of Europe,The Transformation of Europe,Turning Points in European Society,Challenging traditional authorities,Rise of secular society,Emergence of constitutional governments,Rise of absolute monarchy,The Protestant Reformation1517-1648,The Catholic Church,Background,Catholic Church in 1500,Martin Luther vs.the Catholic Church,The Protestant Reformation,The Protestant Reformation1517-1648,The Catholic Reformation,Council of Trent 1545-1563,Religious Wars,Political Development,The rise of central governments in Europe,Church vs.state,Factors behind rise of national governments,Constitutional governments,Political Development,English Constitutional Monarchy,Background,Parliament,Stuarts vs.Parliament,Political Development,English Constitutional Monarchy,English Civil War(1640-1649),England under Cromwell,Restoration,Glorious Revolution,Political Development,Absolute Monarchy,Divine Right of Kings,France,Russia,Political Development,Rise of European States System,Treaty of Westphalia(1648),Background,“Balance of Power,Economic System,Emerging Global markets,Improved agricultural techniques,Trade with the Americas and Asia,Market economy,Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment,Renaissance,Protestant Reformation,Scientific Revolution,Empiricism,Astronomy,Ptolemaic System,Nicholas Copernicus,Galileo Galilei,Scientific Revolution,Astronomy,Johannes Kepler,Isaac Newton,Effects of Scientific Revolution,The Age of Enlightenment,The Enlightenment,Role of Reason,Progress,