Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,African Civilizations and the spread of Islam,Mali,This kingdom is an excellent example of the spread of Islam(old kingdom of Ghana)1200,Mansa Musa made the hajj in 1324,Rich from controlling caravan trade routes,Below the Sahara,Africa was never fully isolated.There were periods of intermittent contacts,800-1500 contacts increased due to a growing international trade network,Islam spread into Mali and was adopted by the royals.The civilization retained its individuality though,Africa never united,many different types of states,African Societies,Africa so vast and diverse neither universal states or religions characterize it history,Stateless Societies:these are societies that organize authority around kinship or other obligations.Sometimes these stateless societies were quite large while others were small.No need to tax people if you dont have a large government.Authority only affected small parts of peoples lives.,Secret societies:west Africa,group controlled customs and beliefs and were able to limit the authority of rulers.Maintained stability within the community.,Problems:outside pressure,mobilizing troops,organizing building projects,and long term stability to support trade,Common Elements in African Societies,Language,thought,and religion,Bantu-speaking people-commonalities between the various languages,Animistic beliefs(dance&drumming),Believed in evil-priests led religious ceremonies,Belief in cosmology-view of how the universe worked(ethics),Believed in a creator deity and power of ancestors,Importance of family or clan ties,Economics:N.Africa(active in Mediterranean trade),Sub-Saharan Africa(varied),30-60 million people lived in Africa by 1500,Islam,Cities and territories in N.Africa had been an important part of the classical world:Carthage and Egypt,640-700 followers of Muhammad swept across N.Africa,670 Muslims ruled(Tunisia)Ifriqiya,711 Berbers into Spain.Stopped in 732 by Charles Martel in Poitiers(battle of Tours),Many N.Africans converted to Islam b/c of message of equality&umma,Abbasid unified territory for a while,Almoravids:(11,th,century)reform movement in Islam grew among Berbers.They launched a jihad or holy war to purify and spread Islam.They moved south to the African kingdoms and also north into Spain,Almohadis:(1130)reformist group,Christian Kingdoms:Nubia and Ethiopia,Developed in Africa along the Nile prior to the Romans making it their official religion,Egypt(Coptic-language of ancient Egypt)connect to Byzantine empire,Copts able to maintain religion in Egypt after Arabs conquered b/c they were dhimmi,Muslim tried to penetrate Nubia/Kush and were met with resistance.Remained an independent Christian state until the 13,th,century,They were cut off from Byzantium due to Arab conquerors,13-14,th,centuries dynasty in Ethiopia traced it roots back to Solomon and Sheba.Continued being isolated.,Grasslands,3 important coasts of contact:Atlantic,Indian Ocean,and savanna,Sahel-area between the western forests and the northern desert.Here is where the merchants came to trade.Camels brought from Asia couldnt survive the humid regions of the forests.So the grasslands is where merchants came to trade.,Therefore,cities were established.In the 3,rd,century Ghana developed.By the 10,th,century it was in its hayday!Rules had also converted to Islam,However,they declined due to attacks by the Almoravid armies 1076,Mali would replace it,Sudanic States,There were many kingdoms active in Africa,Sudanic states often had a patriarch or council of elders of a family that ruled,Terriortial core of similar peoples with conquered extension that paid taxes or tribute,Ghana,Mali,and Songhay powerful examples,Rules considered scared,Islam accepted and people mixed Islam with their culture,Mali and Sundiata,Malinke people broke away from Ghana in the 13,th,century to create Mali,Islamic,Agricultural and merchant state,Juula-Malinke merchants,Malinke expansion under Sundiata(Sunjata).He became the Mansa or emperor,Divided the kingdom into social order,created political institutions,and stationed garrisons.Made trade safe.,Sundiata died in 1260,Mansa Kankan Musa later successor(hajj 1324),Cities and Villages in Sudan,Mix of Islamic and Sudanese,Examples:Jenne and Timbuktu,Town were commercial with specialists and foreign residents.Scholars and theologians attracted.,Strong military to protect merchants,Libraries and universities developed.Books trade very lucrative here!,For most people life was centered around village life and agriculture.80%of villagers lived by farming.Farms were small due to lack of tools.A large farm was only about 10 acres.Polygamy practiced herewhy?,Rice,millet,sorghums,wheat,fruits,and veggies,Sorghum-grain or livestock food,Millet,Wheat,Songhay Kingdom,Formed as Mali was declining within part of Mali.People of Songhay were from the middle area in the Niger Valley.Mad