单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Voice&Auxiliary verb,语态与助动词,VOICE,语态,定义：,语态是动词的一种形式，用于说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系,语态分类,Types of voice in English language,1.Active voice,主动语态,2.Passive voice,被动语态,Passive voice,被动语态,1.,基本形式,Basic structure of passive voice,be +p.p(transitive verb),2.,涉及被动的八种时态,8 tenses involving passive voice:,Present:,一般现在时（,present indefinite tense,）,现在完成时（,present perfect tense,）,现在进行时（,present continuous tense,）,Past:,一般过去时（,past indefinite tense,）,过去完成时（,past perfect tense,）,过去进行时（,past continuous tense,）,Future,：,一般将来时（,future indefinite tense,）,Past-future,：,一般过去将来时（,future-in-the-past indefinite tense,）,被动语态的一般疑问和否定结构,Passive voice in general question and negative structure,for general question:,将第一个助动词移至主语之前,eg:It,is,written,Is,it written,？,2.for negative structure,：,助动词后加,not,eg,：,It is,not,written,主动形式表被动含义,1.,常见涉及的动词,：,look,taste,sound,prove,feel,write,read,wash,sell,lock,shut,close,open,eg:He pen,writes,smoothly.(,笔是被使用）,The window wont,shut.,（窗户是被关上）,2.,need,want,require,deserve+V-ing,的主动形式,eg,：,This machine,needs fixing,这个机器需要修理（被修理）,This work,requires finishing,这项工作需要完成（被完成）,3.be worth+V-ing,This place,is worth visiting,这个地方值得参观（被参观）,4.,有些形容词后接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表被动意义：,easy,hard,difficult,cheap,expensive,fit,nice,good,funny,exciting,light,heavy,dangerous,comfortable,delicious,eg,：,His book is,difficult,to understand,.,他的书很难理解（被理解）,The details of this case is,dangerous,to know,.,这个案件的细节了解起来很危险（被了解）,5.,在,there be,句型中，可以用主动形式表被动意义,Is there anything to read?,有什么（书）可以读的吗？（被读）,There is nothing to worry about.,没什么事好担心（被担心）,各时态的被动语态,passive voice in different tenses,主动语态变被动语态,1.,找宾语,-,即动作的承受者,2.,判断宾语的单复数,-,即,be,动词的单复数,.,3.,判断动词的时态,-,即,be,动词的时态,.,4.,修改谓语的时态,-,即原句动词改为过去分词,5.,修改原句的主语,-,即,by+,主语,/,宾语,.,eg:,They,make,shoes,in that factory,Shoes,are made,in that factory,被动语态功能用法,1,）动作执行者不明或动作执行者没有必要提及,Printing,was introduced,into Europe from China.(,动作执行者不明）,Human,rights were ignored,in this country.,（动作执行者不必提及，可能涉及多方面的忽视）,2,）同时重视动作承受者以及动作执行者。涉及,by,的使用。,A lot of towns in New zealand were destroyed,by,the earthquake.,I was shocked,by,her behavior.,短语动词的被动语态,动词,+,介词：,look at,depend on,call on,laugh at,send for,listen to,etc.,eg:,We have sent,for,the doctor.,The doctor,has been sent,for,.,they,laughed at,the little girl.,The little girl,was laughed at,by them.,2.,动词,+,名词,+,介词,:take care of,make use of,pay attention to,etc.,eg:,I takes care of,my sister.,My,sister is taken care of,by me.,3.,动词,+,副词：,carry out,look up,hand down,take off,put on,give up,etc.,eg,：,They,have,successfully,carried out,the policy.,The policy,has been,successfully,carried out,.,4.,动词,+,副词,+,介词：,put up with,do away with,look down upon,etc.,eg:They class,looked down upon,the new student at the beginning.,The new student,was looked down upon,by the class at the beginning.,含情态动词的被动语态结构,passive voice structures with modal verb,modal verb+be+P.P,eg:,We must handle,this work with care.,This work,must be handled,with care.(by us),We,have to finish,the assignment.,The assignment,have to be finished,by us.,双宾语结构主动变被动,He,gave,me,a book,.,(,变被动）,主,谓 间宾,直宾,I,was given,a book by him.(,间宾作主）,A book,was given,to,me by him.(,直宾作主）,即：变被动时间接宾语做主语，则直接宾语还是宾语,变被动时直接宾语要做主语，间接宾语前要加,to,或,for,主动机构中如有复合宾语，变为被动时谨记一个原则：,只将复合宾语中的逻辑主语变为主语，其余不作变动。,We,found,him working in the fields,.,（,复合宾语结构）,逻辑主语为,him,He,was found,working in the fields,（,by us,）,被动语态与系表结构的区别？,被动语态：,表动作,；句子主语为动作对象。,过去分词必须是及物动词,。故被动语态,be,动词有时态之分。,The,play was written,with great care.,The play,has been written,with great care.,The play,is being written,with great care.,系表结构,表性质、状态,；过去分词作为形容词使用，其系动词,be,时态只涉及一般时,/,完成时；,有,well,very,quite,等副词修饰；过去分词可以是,gone,fallen,risen,等不及动词,be broken,，,be excited,，,be well educated,，,be connected with,，,be separated from,，,be surprised at,，,be concerned about,Auxiliary verb,助动词,助动词,be,的用法,1.be+,现在分词,V-ing,构成进行时,We,are preparing,the dinner.,She came in when we,were discussing,about her new boyfriend.,2.be+,过去分词,done,构成被动语态,I,was stopped,by the parade.,They,are shocked,by the terrible news.,3.be+,不定式,to do,1),未来安排计划,The consulting group,is to leave,Africa next Monday.,2),必要，命令或询问对方意志,You are to sit there during interrogation.,（命令）,What it is to be done?,（询问）,3),表可能性,I am not sure whether he,is to show up,tonight.,=I am not sure whether he,may show up,tonight.,4)be+about+,动词不定式,to do,表计划即将,The meeting,is about to begin,.,have,的用法,构成完成时态,do(did),的用法,一般现在时和一般过去时中的疑问句和否定句,Do,you understand?,Did,you know the truth by then?,I,do not,want to help an ungrateful person.,she,did not,say that,！,2.,否定祈使句,Dont,be such a coward.,Dont,hesitate to ask me for any help if needed.,You,do not,bump into people on the sidewalk like that!,3.,加强语气,I,do have,the feeling that she will come.,Do send,me the links of this beautiful dress.,4.,倒装句中,Never,did,I expect to see you here.,only then,did,I realize how important she is to me.,5.,简略答语中替代主要动词（避免重复）,Does she work as an actress?-Yes,she,does.,shall,和,will,构成一般将来时，后接动词原形,should,和,would,构成过去将来时，后接动词原形,