单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,医学英语翻译,医学英语词汇特点,1.医学词汇一般分为两类:,一类是某一专业特有的词汇,如:appendicitis、diarrhea、splenomegaly 等,这类词汇一般具有一词对应一义的特点;,还有一类由一般词汇演化而来的专业词汇,即一般词汇医学化医学术语中的两栖词汇,这类词汇一词多义。,如“allergy”在一般英语中意为“反感”,在医学英语中常译为“过敏症”,“confirmed”在一般英语中意为“坚决的”,在医学英语中常译为“确诊的”。,Sample 1：Glaucoma can be classified as primary or secondary based on etiology.,青光眼可依据病因学分为原发性和继发性青光眼。,Sample 2：A heavy person with a heavy complexion was breathing heavily in a heavy condition due to heavy drinking last night.,Heavy：含义各不一样，分别指：体态、面貌、呼吸、身体危及状况、醉酒状况。,一个体态臃肿的人因昨晚酗酒而呈现苦痛面容与呼吸困难的危急状况。,sample 3：,As term approaches,there is a good possibility of complications.,term：学期、期间、术语：预产期、足孕,译：随着预产期的接近，并发症发生的可能性极大。,翻译这类术语须基于词语的根本含义进展变化。,常见两栖词汇,词汇,普通含义,医学含义,abortion,夭折，失败,流产，堕胎,resident,居民,住院医生,traction,拖，曳,骨折牵引术,reduction,减少,骨折复位术,foreign body,外国的,异物,humor,幽默,体液,delivery/labor,发送，交付/体力劳动,分娩，生产,consumption,肺结核,消费、消耗,常见两栖词汇,词汇,普通含义,医学含义,cataract,大瀑布,白内障,colon,冒号,结肠,fit,适合,阵发，痉挛,drip,水滴、滴下,滴注,depression,萧条、沮丧,抑郁症,host,主人、东家,宿主,mass,群众，团体,肿块，肿瘤,shock,震动、震惊,休克,gum,树胶、口香糖,齿龈,More samples,1.Asthma哮喘 is not a disease entity but one form of clinical presentation of a variety of disorders of the bronchus.,entity：实体、本质 疾病的病种,哮喘并不是一种疾病病种而是支气管的众多病症中,的一种临床表现。,2.Lymph nodes are often enlarged but are not tender.,tender：温顺的、亲切的 触痛、敏感.,淋巴结往往肿胀，但无触痛感。,3.Heart failure is a frequent and important complication of subacute(亚急性)bacterial endocarditis心内膜炎.,Failure：失败、不及格 衰竭、故障,Complication：简单 并发症,心衰是亚急性细菌性心内膜炎的常见而重要的并发症。,4.The blood concentration of urea and other nitrogenous compound含氮化合物 steadily rises.,concentration：集中、专心 浓度,血液中尿素和其他含氮化合物的浓度在稳定上升。,2.词缀,从词源学的角度来看,在医学英语词汇中,希腊语、拉丁语的词素占有极高比率。据Oscar E.Nybaken 的统计,一万个医学词汇约有46%来自拉丁语;7.2%来自希腊语,希腊、拉丁词素是医学英语词汇的重要根底。,希腊语、拉丁语拥有极丰富的词缀,且每个词缀都有其固定意义,可与不同的词干组成很多新词。医学英语词汇传承了这一特点。因此,把握医学英语中前缀、简洁后缀、复合后缀极为重要。,一词三式”,医学英语术语主要来自三种语言：央格鲁-撒克逊语古英语 Anglo-Saxon，古希腊语(Greek)与古拉丁语(Latin)。,拉丁语和希腊语这两大古代语言为医学英语术语供给了大量可敏捷运用并含义准确的词根，这样就消失了一样含义，不同拼写的词根与各种前后缀结合构成大量的含义一样或不同的医学英语术语，这就是医学英语术语的一词三式现象。,一词三式,Chinese,Anglo-Saxon,Greek,Latin,体,body,soma,corpus,心,heart,cardia,cor,肠,bowel,enteron,intestine,肾,kidney,nephros,renes,血,blood,hema,sanquis,脑,brain,encephalo,cerebro,腹,abdomen,celio,abdomino,鼻,nose,rhino,naso,女,woman,gyne,female,体躯系统,英语 希腊源 拉丁源,Body somato-coporo-,Head cephalo-capito-,neck trachelo-cervico-,limb acro-membrum,finger dactylo-digito-,thigh mero-femoro-,chest thoraco-pecto-,breast masto-mammo-,belly ventro-abdomino-,flank laporo-,celio,back opitho-dorsi-,waist lumbo-loin,3.术语的其他来源,一、以医生或者患者名字为术语：,Parkinsons Dissease,振颤麻痹，以医生为名；,Hippocratic face 死后面相，以医生为名；,Christmas disease,凝血因子IX缺乏克雷司马斯病；,Hela cells 希拉细胞子宫颈癌细胞，以患者为名。,二、以文学作品或大事中人物为术语：,Achilleus tendon 跟腱；Achilles Jerk 跟腱反射；,Oedipus complex 恋母情节;Electra complex 恋父情结；,Jocasta complex 恋子情结；Lear Complex 恋女情结；,Diana complex 单身情节；Cain complex 兄弟敌对情节；,三、以地名冠名：,Keshan disease 中国克山微量元素缺乏克山病；,Mediterrannian anemia 地中海贫血;,Schistosoma mekongi 湄公河血吸虫,4.动词多使用标准的书面语。,从文体学的角度看，医学英语属于正式语体,因此常使用较正式的词汇,这点在动词的使用中尤为突出。例如:用to convert 而不用to change;用to locate 而不用to find;用to absorb 而不用to take in,等等。,医学英语语法构造特点,1.大量使用名词化构造。,大量使用名词化构造(Nominalization)是医学英语的特点之一,由于医学文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容准确、信息量大、强调存在的事实,而非某一行为。,Sample,1a.The molecules of substance are moving about all the time without stopping.,1b.The molecules of substance are in continual motion.,Sample 2.Failure of the kidney to eliminate potassium leads to hyperkalemia along with other electrolyte imbalance and acidosis.,假设肾脏不能削减钾，就会导致血钾过多症，并消失电解质失衡及酸中毒。,3.Although the production of such transgenic strains of animals carrying foreign genes is now a relatively routine technique in many laboratories,it is unlikely that such methods will be expended to human embryos,both for moral and technical reasons.,目前，尽管在很多试验室里，培育携带异体基因的转基因动物已成为一项常规技术，但由于伦理和技术方面的缘由，这项技术还不行能扩展应用到人体胚胎。,2.大量使用长句和定语从句。,医学英语中大量使用长句和定语从句,在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。,Sample 1:,Thus,due to the action of ultra violet rays on the skin,substances are produced in the skin,which get into the blood and accelerate the processes of metabolism in the various organs of the body,.,因此由于紫外线在皮肤的作用,皮肤里产生一些物质进入血液,可促进人体各器官的代谢作用。,Sample 2：,A variety of clinical features help to distinguish the various forms of leukemia,but diagnosis is based on examination of the peripheral blood,in which are usually found qualitative and quantitative changes in the corresponding white blood cell type.,虽然各种临床特征有助于区分不同类型的白血病，但诊断以外周血液的检查为依据，由于外周血液中通常会觉察相应的白细胞类型质和量的变化。,3.名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁。,医学文章要求行文简炼、构造紧凑,名词作定语和缩写词的频繁使用,简化了句型,增大了信息密度。,Sample:,Male homosexual AIDS patients also show an increased incidence of certain tumors,most commonly Kaposi”s sarcoma.,某些肿瘤在男性同性恋爱滋病患者中发生率上升,最常见的是卡波西氏肉瘤。,4.广泛使用被动语态。,医学文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确,第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称表达,承受被动语态。,Sample:,Marijuana is one of man”s oldest and most widely used drugs.It has been consumed in various ways as long as medical history has been recorded and is currently used throughout the world by hundreds of millions of people.A fairly consistent picture of short-term effects on users is presented in m