,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,一词多义。弄清原文的意思，在汉语中选用适当的词语。,Born in 1879 in Ulm,Germany,Albert Einstein was two years old when his parents moved to Munich,where his father opened a business in electrical supplies.,阿尔伯特爱因斯坦于1879年诞生在德国的乌尔姆城。在他两岁的时候，父母移居慕尼黑。他的父亲在慕尼黑开了一家工厂，生产电气器材,英语名词和介词用得多，汉语动词用得多。,Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is undue absorption in the past.,从心理方面来说，到了老年，有两种危急倾向需要留意防止。一是过分地思念过去。,英语代词用得多，汉语实词用得多。在一个句子里，英语可以先出代词，后出实词；汉语则先出实词，后出代词。,One day,while I was playing with my new doll,Miss Sullivan put my big rag doll into my lap also,spelled“d-o-l-l”and tried to make me understand that“d-o-l-l”applied to both.,有一天我正在玩一个新娃娃，沙利文小姐把我的大布娃娃也放在我腿上，然后写了“d-o-l-l”这几个字母，她是想让我知道“d-o-l-l”既可以指新娃娃，也可以指旧娃娃。,If they are disappointed at one place,the drillers go to another.,钻探石油的人假设在一个地方得不到预期的结果，便到另一个地方去钻探。,英语动词有时态，时间概念往往通过时态表现出来：汉语动词没有时态，表示不同的时间，往往需要加时间状语。,It is like a dream to me now,floating through my mind in slow motion.Many children were playing close to the water,and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring.,现在回想起来，就仿佛是一场梦，当时的情景还在我脑海里缓缓浮动。那一天，很多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍，他们那样大胆，不知道危急就在眼前，使我们特别惊讶。,英语被动语态用得多，汉语被动式用得少，有时不用被动形式也可以表示被动的含义，有时可以用无主语句。,When the whale is killed,the blubber is stripped off and boiled down,either on board ship or on shore.,Great sums of money have been spent,for example in the deserts of Egypt,in“prospecting”for oil.,在石油“勘探”方面，已经花了大笔的钱，比方在埃及的沙漠里进展的勘探工作就是如此。,英一般避开重复，代称用得多，不但名词可以用代词来替代，动词、形容词也有相应的词来替代。汉语则不怕重复，实称用得多。,English grammar is very difficult and few writers have avoided making mistakes in it.,英语语法特别困难，作家很少不犯语法错误的。,.英语连词用得多，汉语连词用得少。例如表示条件或缘由，汉语不肯定用“假设”或“由于”之类的词，意思就包含在上下文里面了。,This film showed how they put aside a thousand acres out West where the buffaloes roam and nobody can shoot a single one of them.If they do,they get in jail.,电影演的是他们怎么在西边儿把一千英亩土地划出来，让水牛自由行动，谁也不准开枪打死一只。打死了，就得坐牢。,.词的搭配，如形容词与名词的搭配，副词和动词的搭配，主语与谓语的搭配等，英语可以用的搭配，往往不能直接译成汉语，这就需要选择适当的词语，或者转变句子的构造。,The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy,a smooth superhighway on which we progress with great speed,but at its end lies disaster.,我们始终在走的这条路外表上很好走，是一条平坦的超级大路，我们可以高速前进，但是走到终点却要遇到灾难。,.英语常以抽象名词做主语，后面接表示具体动作的动词。这种主谓搭配，在汉语里是很少用的，一般都要转变句子构造。,Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.,几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到特别苦恼，这种感情上的剧烈斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。,英语有些副词和动词的搭配无法直接译过来，可将原文副词的含义译成谓语或分句，放在句末。,So heedful a writer as Henry James,for instance,on occasion wrote so ungrammatically that a schoolmaster,finding such errors in a schoolboys essay,would be justly indignant.,就拿亨利詹姆士来说吧，连他这样细心的作家写的东西，有时也不合语法。要是小学教师在学生的作文里觉察那样的错误也会生气，而生气是完全应当的。,1.英语有些副词放在句首，具有丰富的内容，译成汉语可以适当地加以发挥。,Ideally,one day,researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes,最抱负的状况是，有朝一日争论人员能够对地震的成因有足够的了解。,1.主语的位置。英语往往把目的状语或其他成分放在句首，然后再出主语，主语与动词靠得较近。汉语则往往先出主语。,To protect the whale form the cold of the Arctic seas,nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.,大自然为了爱护鲸鱼，使它不致在北冰洋受冻，便让它长了厚厚的一层脂肪，叫做鲸脂。,1.英语的书面语差不多每个句子都要有主语，汉语的主语则不那么重要，假设前面已把主语说清晰，后面的句子不肯定用主语。甚至在一个句子里应当消失另外一个主语的时候，这个主语仍旧可以省略。,They used this kind of scare tactic when I was growing up.I wonder what they use today.,我小的时候，他们用过这种恫吓人的方法。现在用什么方法，就不得而知了。,1.英语有who,which等词,可以引出定语从句，汉语多用并列分句，或单成一句，有时可把定语从句先处理。,Richardson,who served as both Secretary of Defense and Secretary of Health,Education and Welfare during the Nixon Administration,was talking about the negotiations for a Law of the Sea treaty,which came to a virtual conclusion last week after six years of deliberations.,理查森曾在尼克松政府中担当国防部长和卫生、教育和福利部长，他是在谈到关于海洋法条约的谈判时说这番话的。译文用了并列分句,I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.,有些作家，读者要费力气才能看懂他们的意思，我对这样的作家一向是没有多少急躁的。,1.英语的主语局部可以很长，其中包括几个介词引导的短语作定语，汉语往往用分句来表达，或者独立成句。,The 180-page document,with more than 300 articles and eight annexes,definitively covers every conceivable issue dealing with the seas,from the definition of what constitutes an island to the jurisdiction over fish that live in fresh water but spawn in the ocean.,这份长达一百八十页的文件，有三百余条，并有八个附件。它涉及能够想到的每一个与海洋有关的问题，从岛屿的定义，到对在淡水生长而在海洋产卵的鱼类的管辖权，都做了明确的规定。,英语除了有who,which等词外，还有动词的-ing形式，因此句子可以很长，但组织得很严密。汉语叙事，则多用并列构造，一层一层地把事情说清晰。有时可以把较长地句子译成几个短句。,In the winter of 1879,James Lecky,exchequer clerk from Ireland,and privately interested in phonetics,keyboard temperament,and Gaelic,all of which subjects he imposed on me,dragged me to a meeting of a debating society called The Zetetical:a junior copy of the once well known Dialectical Society founded to discuss John Stuart Mills Essay on Liberty when that was new.,1879年冬天，詹姆斯莱基拉我去参与一次辩论会。莱基是爱尔兰人，在财政部门当职员，有空宠爱争论语音，练习弹琴，学习盖尔语，他还硬让我也学这些东西。这次他带我去参与的辩论会是一个名叫“探究学会”的团体举办的。当年约翰斯图尔特米尔的文章论自由刚刚发表时候，成立过一个“辩证学会”来争论这篇文章，这个学会曾名噪一时。探究学会就是仿照这个学会建立起来的，只是没有它那么知名罢了。,1.汉语一般不用一连串的定语，一连串的“的字。适当地在“的”字前增加动词，就显得有些变化，不那么单调。,The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock raisers for a similar fe