单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第二讲关税与贸易总协定,前,WTO,的多边贸易体制,关税与贸易总协定,(GATT),的由来,GATT,概况,GATT,与世界贸易组织,(WTO),的关系,关税与贸易总协定,(GATT),的由来,1944,年：布雷顿森林会议,1946-1948,年：制定,国际贸易组织宪章,1947,年,10,月,30,日,:,临时适用议定书,关税与贸易总协定,(GATT),的由来,GATT,先天的不足,非严格意义的条约,非法律意义的国际组织,非全面系统的调整,GATT,概况,(1948-1994),主要宗旨：贸易自由化,指导思想：原则上禁止除关税（数量限制、补贴）以外的限制贸易的手段，并通过谈判削减之，但允许有条件例外。,GATT,概况,(1948-1994),基本架构：,GATT,文本（,38,条）,相关议定书和决定,与关税减让相关的议定书和核准书,加入议定书,关于豁免的决定,GATT,缔约方全体的其他决定,1979,年的,9,个,守则,GATT,概况,(1948-1994),主要成就,关税大幅降低,体制逐渐成型,主要问题,法纪松弛,范围局限,组织缺位,GATT,与世界贸易组织,(WTO),的关系,从场所角度来看：被取代,从组织层面上来讲：被取代,从制度层面来看：被吸收,制度层面的吸收：立法维度,从,GATT1947,到,GATT1994,GATT1994,1,、,GATT1947,（不包括,临时适用议定书,）,2,、与关税减让相关的议定书和核准书,3,、加入议定书（不包括祖父条款）,4,、在,1995,年,1,月,1,日仍然有效的关于豁免的决定,5,、,GATT1947,缔约方全体的其他决定,6,、乌拉圭回合谈判达成的,6,个,谅解,7,、,1994,年关税与贸易总协定马拉喀什议定书,制度层面的吸收：司法维度,GATT1947,的“,上下文,”（,context,）功能,“附件,1,、附件,2,和附件,3,所列协定及相关法律文件（下称“多边,贸易协定”）为本协定的组成部分，对所有成员具有约束力。”,(WTO,协定,第,2,条第,2,款,),“The preamble of the,WTO Agreement,-which informs not only the GATT 1994,but also the other covered agreements-explicitly acknowledges the objective of,sustainable development,”,(WT/DS58/AB/R,12 October 1998,para.129.),“We do not consider that the mere absence of the word substitutable in Article 6.2 of the,ATC,renders our interpretation of the term directly competitive under Article III:2 of the GATT 1994 irrelevant in terms of its contextual significance for the interpretation of that term under Article 6.2 of the,ATC,.,”,(WT/DS192/AB/R,8 October 2001,para.94.),制度层面的吸收：司法维度,GATT,专家组报告的指导作用,“,The Panel noted that other GATT and WTO panels have interpreted Article III and that panel reports adopted by the GATT CONTRACTING PARTIES and the WTO Dispute Settlement Body constitute,subsequent practice,in a specific case by virtue of the decision to adopt them.,Article 1(b)(iv)of GATT 1994,provides institutional recognition that adopted panel reports constitute subsequent practice.Such reports are an integral part of GATT 1994,since they constitute“other decisions of the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947”.,”,(,WT/DS8/R,11 July 1996,para.6.10.),制度层面的吸收：司法维度,上诉机构的意见,“Generally,in international law,the essence of subsequent practice in interpreting a treaty has been recognized as a concordant,common and consistent sequence of acts or pronouncements which is sufficient to establish a discernable pattern implying the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation.An isolated act is generally not sufficient to establish subsequent CONTRACTING PARTIES”,制度层面的吸收：司法维度,“,the decisions to adopt panel reports under Article XXIII of the GATT 1947 were different from joint action by the CONTRACTING PARTIES under Article XXV of the GATT 1947.,”,“,Adopted panel reports are an important part of the GATT,acquis,.They are often considered by subsequent panels.They create,legitimate expectations,among WTO Members,and,therefore,should be taken into account where they are relevant to any dispute.However,they are not binding,except with respect to resolving the particular dispute between the parties to that dispute.,”,(,WT/DS8/AB/R,4 October 1996,pp.14-16.,),制度层面的吸收：司法维度,“,除本协定和多边贸易协定项下另有规定外，,WTO,应以,GATT 1947,缔约方全体和在,GATT 1947,框架内设立的机构所遵循的决定、程序和惯例为指导。,”,(WTO,协定,第,16,条第,1,款,),“,Article XVI:1 of the,WTO Agreement,and paragraph 1(b)(iv)of the language of Annex 1A incorporating the GATT 1994 into the,WTO Agreement,bring the legal history and experience under the GATT 1947 into the new realm of the WTO in a way that ensures continuity and consistency in a smooth transition from the GATT 1947 system.This affirms the importance to the Members of the WTO of the experience acquired by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to the GATT 1947 -and acknowledges the continuing relevance of that experience to the new trading system served by the WTO.,”,(,WT/DS8/AB/R,4 October 1996,p.14.,),相关资源,赵维田著：,世贸组织（,WTO,）的法律制度,，吉林人民出版社，,2000,GATT Basic Instruments and Selected Documents,BISD,Analytical Index:Guide to GATT Law and Practice,updated 6th edition,WTO and,Bernan,Press,1995,关贸总协定法律及实务指南,上海人民出版社,2004,Robert E.,Hudec,Essays on the Nature of International Trade Law,Cameron May Ltd,1999,维也纳条约法公约,第,31,条,2,、就解释条约而言，,上下文,除指连同弁言及附件在内之约文外，并应包括：,(a),全体当事国间因缔结条约所订与条约有关之任何协定；,(b),一个以上当事国因缔结条约所订并经其他当事国接受为条约有关文书之任何文书。,3,、应与上下文一并考虑者尚有：,(a),当事国嗣后所订关于条约之解释或其规定之适用之任何协定；,(b),嗣后在条约适用方面确定各当事国对条约解释之协定之任何惯例；,(,any,subsequent practice,in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation,),(c),适用于当事国间关系之任何有关国际法规则。,