按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002,基因調控器官發育,AND,程序性細胞死亡,組員:巫柏霖 張圍策 楊佩穎 林家榆 郭彥廷 林函融 梁詠慈,The Nobel Prize in Physiology,1,Sydney Brenner,H.Robert Horvitz John E.Sulston,如何發現Apoptosis?,實驗內容,基因调控器官发育ppt课件,2,線蟲實驗,線蟲成蟲有959個細胞,成長的過程中有131個細胞發生Apoptosis,發生時間:約1Hr,線蟲實驗,3,線蟲細胞凋亡模型,線蟲細胞凋亡模型,4,基因调控器官发育ppt课件,5,細胞凋亡(Apoptosis),Apoptosis的簡介,Apoptosis的分類,與細胞壞死(Necrosis)的比較,Apoptosis的作用機制,細胞凋亡(Apoptosis),6,Normal,Apoptosis,NormalApoptosis,7,Apoptosis的簡介,細,胞自己計畫性的死亡,細,胞凋亡是多细胞生物在發育過程中,一種由基因控制的主動的細胞生理性自殺行為。,Apoptosis的簡介,8,基因调控器官发育ppt课件,9,Apoptosis 和Necrosis的比較,Apoptosis 和Necrosis的比較,10,Necrosis Apoptosis,1.性質 病理性 生理性/病理性,2.誘導因素 強,烈刺激,較弱刺激,,隨機發生 非隨機發生,3.,形態變化 細胞結構全面,胞膜及細胞器,溶解破壞、,相對完整,細,胞腫脹.細胞皺縮,4.凋亡小體 無 有,5.,基因調控,無 有,Necrosis Apopto,11,Apoptosis的分類,細胞自戕性程式死亡(apoptotic cell death program),非細胞自戕性程式死亡(nonapoptotic cell death program),不同點:apoptotic cell death program 有DNA斷裂的出現,Apoptosis的分類細胞自戕性程式死亡(apoptoti,12,Apoptosis的作用機制,可分為:,Initiation phase(前期),The Death Receptor-Initiated Pathway,The Mitochondrial Pathway,2.Execution phase(後期),Apoptosis的作用機制可分為:,13,The Death Receptor-Initiated Pathway,細胞膜上有apoptotic signals receptor,Tumour necrosis factor(TNF)分為:,CD95(or fas),TNFR1(TNF receptor-1),TRAIL(TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand),The Death Receptor-Initiated P,14,CD95,CD95,15,TNFR1(TNF receptor-1),TNFR1(TNF receptor-1),16,Bcl-2 Family,抑制Apoptosis的Bcl-2:,bcl-2,Bcl-xL,Mcl-1,Bcl-w,adenovirus E1B 19K,EBV BHRF1,Ced-9,促進Apoptosis的Bcl-2:,Bax,Bak,Nbk/Bik1,Bad,Bcl-xS,Bcl-2 Family抑制Apoptosis的Bcl-2:,17,The Mitochondrial Pathway,促進性Bcl-2 family,粒線體膜被激活,Cytocrome C and Pro-apoptotic protein,Caspases or Apoptosome,The Mitochondrial Pathway,18,The Mitochondrial Pathway,The Mitochondrial Pathway,19,基因调控器官发育ppt课件,20,Execution phase(後期),Inactive Capases,Active Capases,Caspases cascade,啟動apoptosis機制,Execution phase(後期),21,Apoptosis啟動作用,細胞核外:,切割細胞內蛋白質&細胞骨架(Zeiosis),細胞核內:,使參與DNA修復的蛋白質失活(PRAP),使參與DNA複製的蛋白質失活(DNA topoisomerase II),分解結構性核蛋白,將DNA分解成片斷,Apoptosis啟動作用細胞核外:,22,分解結構性核蛋白,Caspases 6,Lamins(一種核內蛋白)被降解,染色質濃縮,和核膜被分解,分解結構性核蛋白,23,基因调控器官发育ppt课件,24,Apotosis在細胞核內-,切割DNA,CAD(,Caspase-activated Dnase):,將DNA切成較大的片段(50300 kb),Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent nucleases:,將大片段切成小碎片(180200 bp),作用流程圖,Apotosis在細胞核內-切割DNA,25,細胞核內的DNA切割作用流程圖,Caspases,ICAD,CAD(,Caspase-activated Dnase),DNA大片段,Ca2+and Mg2+dependent endonucleases,DNA小碎片,細胞核內的DNA切割作用流程圖,26,典型凋亡細胞,DNA電,泳(呈現梯狀條带),典型凋亡細胞DNA電泳(呈現梯狀條带),27,Apoptosis 作用機制,基因调控器官发育ppt课件,28,Caspase 3,Caspase 3,29,Apoptosis 的作用結果,細胞,凋亡不足,:腫瘤,自身免疫病(Ex:AIDS),細胞,凋亡過度,:心肌缺血,心力衰竭,神經元,退行性疾病,病毒感染,平滑肌細胞增殖(凋亡不足),與,內皮細胞凋亡(過度),:動脈粥樣硬化,Apoptosis 的作用結果細胞凋亡不足:腫瘤,自身免疫病,30,細胞死亡,Apoptosis Necrosis,Apoptosis Nonapoptosis,Initiation,Death recepter mitochondria,intrinsic pathway pathway,Execution,31,參考資料,Raffaella Depala,Luigi Nappi,Giuseppe Loverro,Stefano Bettocchi,Maria Lucia Caruso,Anna Maria Valentini,Luigi Selvaggi(2003)Evidence of apoptosis in human primordial and primary follicles.Human Reproduction,18,2678-2682,D.N.Modi,S.Sane,D.Bhartiya(2003)Accelerated germ cell apoptosis in sex chromosome aneuploid fetal human gonads.Molecular Human Reproduction,9,219-225,Mahmoud R.Hussein(2005)Apoptosis in the ovary:molecular mechanisms.Human Reproduction Update,11,162-178,http:/ and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease,edited by Kumar,Abbas and Fausto7th ed(2004),p.26-p.32, Depala,Luigi Na,32,