Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,Philosophy:From Mythos to Logos,The Evolution of Philosophical Problematics,11/15/2024,1,11/15/2024,2,Thales of Melitus(ca.580,B.C,.,),Primary first cause is water,We are born of a watery world,water=steam=ice(states!),Water wears stuff away,Elementism(with a touch of determinism and changing states),“The magnetic stone has soul because it sets the stone in motion.,So“soul=movement(and,perhaps,in later psychology“intent and“purpose,Water,futanthro,Logos,Mythos,?,11/15/2024,3,Anaximander,(ca.610-ca.546,B.C,.),Why did everything not return to water?,Existence must be boundless and there must be some balancing factor:uninterrupted tensions and opposites “boundlessly indeterminable first matter,“the everlasting generative matter split apart in the creation of our world and out of it a sphere of flame grew around the air surrounding the earth like the bark around a tree;then,when it tore apart and bunched up into definite circles,the sun,moon,and the stars took its place.,“Into that from which things take their rise they pass away once more,as is ordained,for they make reparation and satisfaction to one another for their injustice according to the ordering of time.,Organicism(and,perhaps a suggestion of some element unlike those we experience),Suggested that humans were borne of sea animals,Mythos?,11/15/2024,4,Anaximenes(ca.545,B.C,.),Every form of matter can serve as basic and they are all transformed into one another,Continuation of“transformation of states seen in Thales and of the organismic balance seen in Anaxamander,BUT,a sign of transformation from“quality to“quantity in his analysis of the rarefaction and expansion of air-later to become a Pythagorean mythos,Air,Test it,11/15/2024,5,Pythagoras(c.570,B.C,.),Secret cult of numbers,Do not eat beans.,The fundamental element is number,tongstat,11/15/2024,6,Heraclitus,(535-475,BCE,.),fire perpetual change,flux as described in Platos Theaetetus,“You cannot step twice into the same river;for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you.“the sun is new every day.,“This world order which is the same for all was created neither by one of the gods nor by one of the humans,but it was always,and is,and will be eternally living fire,glimmering and extinguishing according to measures.,Werner Heisenberg:,“At this point we can interpose that in a certain way modern physics comes extraordinarily close to the teaching of Heraclitus.If one substitutes the word “fire,one can view Heraclitus pronouncements almost word for word as an expression of our modern conception.Energy is indeed the material of which all the elementary particles,all atoms and therefore all things in general are made,and at the same time energy is also that which is moved .Energy can be transformed into movement,heat,light,and tension.Energy can be regarded as the cause of all changes in the world.,Organicism(opposites in flux,always becoming),Fire,11/15/2024,7,Heraclitus as the Greek Taoist?,Chuang-tzu“In the transformation and growth of all things,every bud and feature has its proper form.In this we have their gradual maturing and decay,the constant flow of transformation and change.,11/15/2024,8,Parmenides(ca.510,BCE,.),You cannot think of nothing without it becoming.,Only what can be thought can exist,Motion is impossible because it would mean that something was,where it had not been(his student was Zeno of Elea(ca.495-430),of course,Zenos paradoxes),Rationalism,In the end absolute equilibrium(entropy?),Top-Down Processing?,11/15/2024,9,Anaxagoras(ca.500,BCE,.),From bread and water arise bone and flesh.,How can hair be made of what is not hair,and flesh of what is not flesh?,Infinite seeds in proportion(explains why something comes from something it is not),Nous(from living matter)is a force that organizes inanimate matter,elementism,reductionism(rationalism?),Hints of conservation of matter?,11/15/2024,10,Empedocles(ca.450,BCE,Air could keep water out of a vessel-it is a“body,Pluralist:four roots:air,fire,water,earth,Love and strife(later Freuds eros and thanatos),11/15/2024,11,Democritus(ca.460,B.C,.),The wearing away of a statue from thousands of hands,Expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus:everything cannot be divisible forever.,They do not interact-they bounce around(like Leibnizs monads which lost out to Newtons interactional world),Determinism,elementism,reductionism,Also introduced emanations(eidolas)from external objects that impressed our senses and imperfect and perfect impressions,divtorelation,11/15/2024,12,Protagoras(480-411,BCE,.),Man is the measure of all things;of what is,that it is;of what is not,that it is not.,Sophist,The Wise Guys,11/15/2024,13,The Pendulum,11/15/2024,14,The Pendulum in Psychology,11/15/2024,15,Epicureans,Epicurus(341-270 B.C.),Pleasure principle goal of life is pleasure,Natural desire and vain desire,Natural&Necessary=food,sleep,Natural&Unnecess