,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,國立台灣大學商學研究所,*,陳家聲 教授 版權所有,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,*,激勵理論與方法,陳家聲教授,九十二年十月二十二日,動機與行為間的關係,需求或動機是行為的促動力量。亦即，人類行為是目標導向的。,相同的行為可能是由不同的動機所促成。,相同的需求可能有不同的目標及不同的行為。,追求需求滿足之行為會受到個人能力、個人特徵以及外在環境的限制或影響。,影響員工行為表現的因素,員工工作表現=能力(,Ability),意願(,Motivation),環境(,Environment),能力知識、技巧、性向,意願動機、興趣、人格、態度、價值觀、情緒,環境,管理制度、主管的經營理念與領導風格,Sources of Motivation,Motivation Energizes,Directs,and Maintains Behavior,Motivation-The forces either within or external to a person that that energize,direct,and maintain behavior.,Content Theories,-Motivation theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people.,Process Theories,Explain how employees are motivatedthat is,how employees select behaviors to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful.,Source:,Daft.R.L.,&Noe,R.A.Organizational behavior.Harcourt College Publishers,2001.,激勵理論,Maslow,需求層次理論生理、安全、社會、自尊和自我實現。,Hertzberg,兩因子理論保健因子與激勵因子。,Alderfers ERG,理論生存、關係與成長需求。,Theory X and Theory Y(Douglas McGregor),公平理論,目標設定理論,期望理論,McClelland,需求理論成就、親和與權力需求。,Maslow,s Hierarchy of Needs,Source:Robbins,S.T.Organizational behavior(10th ed.).New Jersey:Pearson Education Inc.,2003.,成熟的,基本的,一,一,般,般,因,因,素,素,1,1,.,.,空,空,氣,氣,2,2,.,.,食,食,物,物,3,3,.,.,飲,飲,水,水,4,4,.,.,衣,衣,服,服,5,5,.,.,性,性,生,生,活,活,6,6,.,.,房,房,屋,屋,1,1,.,.,安,安,全,全,2,2,.,.,保,保,障,障,3,3,.,.,競,競,爭,爭,4,4,.,.,安,安,定,定,1,1,.,.,親,親,情,情,2,2,.,.,愛,愛,情,情,3,3,.,.,友,友,情,情,4,4,.,.,參,參,與,與,各,各,種,種,團,團,體,體,1,1,.,.,賞,賞,識,識,2,2,.,.,地,地,位,位,3,3,.,.,自,自,尊,尊,4,4,.,.,榮,榮,譽,譽,1,1,.,.,成,成,長,長,2,2,.,.,成,成,就,就,3,3,.,.,晉,晉,升,升,需,需,求,求,層,層,次,次,生,生,理,理,性,性,安,安,全,全,社,社,會,會,性,性,自,自,尊,尊,自,自,我,我,實,實,踐,踐,組,組,織,織,內,內,的,的,特,特,殊,殊,因,因,素,素,1,1,.,.,冷,冷,暖,暖,空,空,調,調,2,2,.,.,基,基,本,本,薪,薪,資,資,3,3,.,.,福,福,利,利,4,4,.,.,工,工,作,作,環,環,境,境,1,1,.,.,安,安,全,全,的,的,工,工,作,作,環,環,境,境,2,2,.,.,工,工,作,作,的,的,保,保,障,障,3,3,.,.,一,一,般,般,的,的,薪,薪,資,資,累,累,增,增,4,4,.,.,健,健,康,康,保,保,險,險,1,1,.,.,督,督,導,導,方,方,式,式,2,2,.,.,融,融,洽,洽,的,的,工,工,作,作,團,團,體,體,3,3,.,.,專,專,業,業,性,性,友,友,情,情,1,1,.,.,工,工,作,作,頭,頭,銜,銜,2,2,.,.,績,績,效,效,獎,獎,金,金,3,3,.,.,工,工,作,作,本,本,身,身,4,4,.,.,責,責,任,任,1,1,.,.,挑,挑,戰,戰,性,性,的,的,工,工,作,作,2,2,.,.,創,創,造,造,性,性,3,3,.,.,升,升,遷,遷,4,4,.,.,工,工,作,作,上,上,的,的,成,成,就,就,遞增次序,Maslow,需求層次理論的應用,赫茲伯格,(,Herzberg,F),兩因子理論,保健因子：,如公司政策與管理、督導、同事關係、工作安全、工作條件等。這類因子多與工作環境有關。當這類因子不良時，會造成員工的不滿足感；當這類因子良好時，員工只是沒有不滿足感而已。,激勵因子：,如成就感、為人賞識、挑戰性工作、晉升機會、擔負責任等。這類因子多與工作內容有關。當這類因子不良時，員工無法獲得滿足的愉快經驗；當這類因子存在時，會導致員工的工作滿足感。,ERG Theory,(Clayton Alderfer),Core Needs,Existence:provision of basic material requirements.,Relatedness:desire for relationships.,Growth:desire for personal development.,Concepts:,More than one need can be operative at the same time.,If a higher-level need cannot be fulfilled,the desire to satisfy a lower-level need increases.,Source:Robbins,S.T.Organizational behavior(10th ed.).New Jersey:Pearson Education Inc.,2003.,Foundations of Motivation,Workers at many of todays leading companies say they are motivated by factors such as:,Fun,Challenging work environment,Flexibility that provides a balance between work and personal life,Potential to learn,Grow,Be creative in their jobs,Continued on next slide,Source:,Daft.R.L.,&Noe,R.A.Organizational behavior.Harcourt College Publishers,2001.,Theory X and Theory Y(Douglas McGregor),David McClelland,s Theory of Needs,nAch,nPow,nAff,Source:Robbins,S.T.Organizational behavior(10th ed.).New Jersey:Pearson Education Inc.,2003.,公平理論,(,Equity Theory),Op,個人的工作後果,Ip,個人的工作投入,Oo,他人的工作後果,Io,他人的工作投入,不平則鳴,平則努力維持現狀,不平則鳴,減低,Ip ,工作少做一點,增加,Op ,要求加薪,減低,Oo ,詆毀別人,增加,Io ,要求別人多做,曲解、自我防衛,“不在乎”,改變比較對象,“比上不足、比下有餘”,離職,目標理論,目標導向之努力,工作表現,目標困,難度,對目標,之接納,目標明確性,特殊性,對目標,之承諾,組織之支持,個人之能力,與技巧,設定目標的原則,聰明的,（,SMART）,原則,績效目標要明確(特殊)（,Specific）、,具體，具客觀性。,績效目標要容易測量（,Measurable）。,儘量採用可量化之績效指標。對於不易測量者，則以具體的、可觀察到的行為，如人物、時間、行為、預算等來描述，儘量不要涉及潛在意圖或猜想等主觀的認定。,績效目標要能為員工達成的（,Achievable）。,績效目標要能被員工認為是相關且合理的（,Relevant,Reasonable）。,主管宜邀請員工共同參與設定工作目標與行動計畫，並訂定工作的時程表（,Time table）。,期望理論,(,Expectancy Theory),本理論有三項變數：期望(,expectancy)、,媒介(,instrumentality)、,價值(,valence),期望：一定的努力，可以導致一定的績效,媒介：一定的績效，可以導致一定的獎賞,價值：獎賞對個人的價值,如果這三項都很高，則激勵效果就高；若其中一項為零，則激勵效果也為零。這個理論亦主張激勵只是工作表現的一個決定因素而已；個人技術與能力、個人知覺、與個人從事工作時所受的限制都是決定工作表現的因素。,Reinforcement Theory,Concepts:,Behavior is environmentally caused.,Behavior can be modified(reinforced)by providing(controlling)consequences.,Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.,Source:Robbins,S.T.Organizational behavior(10th ed.).New Jersey:Pearson Education Inc.,2003.,Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation,Source:Robbins,S.T.Organizational behavior(10th ed.).New Jersey:Pearson Education Inc.,2003.,What is Employee Involvement?,Source:Robbins,S.T.Organizational behavior(10th ed.).New Jersey:Pearson Education Inc.,2003.,Flexible Benefits,Flexible Spending Plans:a,llow employees to use their tax-free benefit dollars to purchase benefits and pay service premiums.,Modular Plans:,predesigned benefits packages for specific groups of employees.,Core-plus Plans:,a core of essential benefits and a menu-like selection of other benefit options.,Source:Robbins,S.T.Organizational behavior(10th ed.).New Jersey:P