单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,颈椎前路手术入路的应用解剖,1,颈椎前路手术入路的应用解剖1,颈部的一些体表标志可以帮助确定颈前入路手术切门的位置。,C4,椎体大致相当于喉结水平,C6,椎体大致相当于环状软骨水平,但是通过体表标志定位往往有较 大的个体差异,手术中颈部过伸也会改变体表标志的相对位置,所以必要时还需要,X,线透视定位。,颈前路的体表标志,2,颈部的一些体表标志可以帮助确定颈前入路手术切门的位置。颈前路,颈前路的体表标志,1,喉结,laryngeal prominence,2,环状软骨,cricoid cartiIage,3,胸锁乳突肌,sternocleidomasto id,4,胸锁乳突肌锁骨头,clavical head of sternocleidomastoid,5,胸锁乳突肌胸骨头,sternal head of sternocleidomastoid,6,锁骨,clavicle,3,颈前路的体表标志1 喉结laryngeal prominen,颈前路的体表标志,颈前路皮肤切门的设计需要考虑美观和,l,有效血露两方面。,沿皮纹的横切口能获得良好的美观效果,,如果切口高度合适,较小的横切门也能获得良好的显露。稍微延长切门通常可以满足四个椎体的暴露。,颈椎前路的暴露应当从左侧入路还是右侧入路有多方面的考虑。,从安全性来讲,,右侧喉返神经较左侧更偏离中线,理论上讲右侧入路更有损伤喉运神经的可能。,从手术操作方便上讲,,右侧入路更有利于 右手操作。,在实际操作中,右侧入路已被大多数医师所接受。,4,颈前路的体表标志颈前路皮肤切门的设计需要考虑美观和l有效血露,颈前路的体表标志,切口水平的定位有两种方法:,解剖体表标志定位:,环状软骨相当于,C,5,、,C,6,水平,由此推算,手指测量:,胸骨上方约两横指(,2.53.5cm,)可显露,C,6,、,C,7,。,胸骨上方约两指半(,3.54.5cm,)可显露,C,5,、,C,6,。,胸骨上方约,3,横指(,4.55.0cm,)可显露,C,3,C,5,。,5,颈前路的体表标志切口水平的定位有两种方法:解剖体表标志定位:,颈前路的体表标志,切口(横切口、斜切口),起自胸锁乳突肌中线,至颈中线对侧,1cm,切口全长,57cm,。,切口的位置高低根据病变节段来确定。,6,颈前路的体表标志切口(横切口、斜切口)6,颈前路的浅表解剖,切开皮肤和皮下脂肪, 显露颈前部。在皮下脂肪下层, 颈部两侧是颈阔肌,颈阔肌属于颈浅筋膜层内结构, 是受面神经支配的表情肌, 男性通常比女性要肥厚, 在于术人路中可横断阔肌或沿肌纤维纵向剖开颈阔肌, 显露其下的颈深筋膜, 手术后应仔细缝合颈阔肌, 否则可能对美观造成影响。,隔着颈深筋膜可看到其下的胸锁乳突肌和气管前肌群。胸锁乳突肌中段前部可见由,C4,神经发出的颈横神经, 手术时的损伤会引起长期的颈前感觉缺失。,7,颈前路的浅表解剖切开皮肤和皮下脂肪, 显露颈前部。在皮下脂肪,8,8,颈阔肌属皮肌,是 一层较薄的肌层,手术后须仔细缝合,以免形成难看的瘢痕。,9,颈阔肌属皮肌,是 一层较薄的肌层,手术后须仔细缝合,以免形成,1,下领,mandible,2,舌骨,hyoid bone,3,甲状软骨,thyroid cartilage,4,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo1d,5,颈前静脉,anterior jugular vein,6,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc le 1domasto1d,7,颈横神经,transverse nerve of neck,8,颈外静脉,external jugular vein,9,颈阔肌(切断),platysma,10,下颌下腺,submand,bular gland,胸锁乳突肌后方可见上下走行的颈外静脉,胸锁乳突肌前缘则是上下走行的颈前静脉,颈前静脉在手术显露过程中是容易损伤的结构, 术中可予以结扎。,在上颈部, 下颌骨下可见下颌下腺。,在二腹肌后腹、胸锁乳突肌和肩胛舌骨 肌构成的颈动脉三角被脂肪细织充填。,10,1 下领mandible胸锁乳突肌后方可见上下走行的颈外静脉,1,下颌,mandible,2,甲状软骨,thyroid cart I lage,3,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyotd,4,胸锁乳突肌,sternocletdomasto id,5,颈横神经,transverse nerve of neck,6,颈前静脉,anterior jugular vein,7,下领下腺,submandtbular gland,8,颈外静脉,external jugular vein,11,1下颌mandible11,剥离颈深筋膜后可清晰显露气管前的胸骨舌骨肌、肩胛舌骨肌前腹、胸骨甲状肌和下颌下肌群。,12,剥离颈深筋膜后可清晰显露气管前的胸骨舌骨肌、肩胛舌骨肌前腹、,在颈动脉三角浅层, 可看到二腹肌后腹和喉上动脉。,颈椎前路的显露过程中需要沿胸锁乳突肌内侧缘切开颈深筋膜, 进入颈动脉三角,13,在颈动脉三角浅层, 可看到二腹肌后腹和喉上动脉。13,1,下颌,mandible,2,下颌下腺,submandrbular gland,3,舌骨,hyord bone,4,甲状软骨,thyrord cartilage,5,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyord,6,环状软骨,crrcord cartrlage,7,气管前筋膜(颈深筋膜中层),pretracheal layer of cervrcal fascra,8,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc I eidomas toid,将气管前筋膜向一侧剥离, 观察气管前肌群,14,1 下颌mandible将气管前筋膜向一侧剥离, 观察气管前,颈前上部结构,清理颈动脉三角脂肪组织, 显露出颈总动脉、颈外动脉、颈内静脉、甲状腺上动静脉、喉上动脉和喉上神经。,1,面动、静脉,facial a v,2,下领舌骨肌,myl,。,hyoid,3,舌骨舌肌,hyordoglossus,4,二腹肌,drgastrrc,5,舌骨,hyord b,口,ne,6,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal artery,7,甲状腺上动脉,superror thyroid artery,8,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyord,9,舌动脉,lingual artery,10,胸锁乳突肌,sternocleidomasto id,11,喉上神经,superior laryngeal nerve,12,颈动、静脉,ca,Otld a V,13,下领下腺,submand,bular gland,15,颈前上部结构清理颈动脉三角脂肪组织, 显露出颈总动脉、颈外动,颈外动脉从下至上的分支为,甲状腺上动脉、舌动脉和面动脉。,颈内静脉中上部发出甲状腺中静脉,个体有较大差异, 部分人缺如, 部分人可有分支, 手术中过程中常将其结扎。,1,下领下腺,submandibular gland,2,下领舌骨肌,mylohyoid,3,二腹肌,d1gastr1c,4,舌动脉,lingual artery,5,喉上神经,superior laryngeal nerve,6,喉上动脉,super10,laryngeal artery,7,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyr,口,id artery,8,甲状腺中静脉,middle thyroid vein,9,舌骨,hyo1d bone,10,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyoid,11,胸南甲状肌,sternothyro1d,1 2,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc le idomastoid,16,颈外动脉从下至上的分支为1 下领下腺submandibula,1,下顿下腺,submandibular gland,2,二腹肌,d1gastric,3,下领舌骨肌,myl,口,hyo,d,4,喉上神经,superior laryngeal nerve,5,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal artery,6,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyroid artery,7,舌动脉,I ingunl nrtcry,8,颈内静脉,internal jugular vein,9,颈内动脉,internal carotid artery,10,甲状腺中静脉,middle thyroid vein,11,颈撑,ansa cerv, ca I Is,12,胸锁乳突肌,stern,。,cle1domasto1d,13,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyoid,14,胸骨甲状肌,sternothyroid,喉上动脉起于,甲状腺上动脉, 喉上神经起于迷走神经, 从颈总动静脉后方穿行至甲状软骨上缘。,在上颈椎的显露过程中,为了尽可能向上显露,可结扎甲状腺上动静脉,,C3-C4,一般不需要结扎甲状腺上动静脉。,17,1 下顿下腺submandibular gland喉上动脉起,扩大显露颈动脉三角,可看到颈外动脉发出的舌动脉,位于舌动脉上方的舌下神经。,在解剖辨认出喉上神经后,在喉上神经与舌下神经之间的范围,结扎舌动脉可获得一定的显露空间,在下颌偏向一侧时可显露到寰枢椎水平。但要注意,过度的牵拉喉上神经可能会损伤神经,导致饮水呛咳。,1,下领下腺,submand,bular gland,2,茎突舌骨肌,s1ylohyo1d,3,下额舌骨肌,mylohyo,d,4,颈攀,ansa cervical 1s,5,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal artery,6,甲状跟上动脉,superior thyr,口,1d artery,7,胸骨舌骨肌,s1ernohyo1d,8,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc le1domas101 rl,9,舌动脉,lingual artery,10,舌下神经,hypogl,ssal,nerve,11,二腹肌,d1gastr1c,18,扩大显露颈动脉三角,可看到颈外动脉发出的舌动脉,位于舌动脉上,手术显 露过程中很重要的标志就是颈动脉的搏动。血管鞘与内脏鞘之间是一个安全界面,紧贴搏动的颈动脉进行椎体前显露是安全方便的人路途径。,1,舌下神经,hypoglossal nerve,2,面总静脉,common facial vein,3,舌动脉,lingual artery,4,下顿舌骨肌,mylohyoid,5,茎突舌骨肌,stylohyo,d,6,舌骨,hyo,d bone,7,喉上动脉,superro,laryngeal artery,8,甲状跟上动脉,superior thyroid artery,g,面动静脉,facial a v,10,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo1d,11,下额下腺,submandibular gland,12,胸锁乳突肌,sternocle1domasto1d,13,颈总动脉,common carotid artery,19,手术显 露过程中很重要的标志就是颈动脉的搏动。血管鞘与内脏鞘,颈前下部结构,1,面动、静脉,facial a v,2,舌下神经,hypoglossal nerve,3,二腹肌后腹,posterior belly of dgastric,4,舌骨,hyod bone,5,舌动脉,lingual artery,6,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal nerve,7,甲状软骨,thyro,d cart I lage,8,胸锁手,L,突肌,sternoc le, domasto1d,9,颈内静脉,internal Jugular artery,1 0,颈总动脉,common carotoid artery,11,交感干,sympathetic trunk,12,椎前筋膜(覆盖椎体),prevertebral layer of cervical fascia,13,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyroid artery,14,胸骨甲状肌,sternothyro1d,15,肩月甲舌骨肌。,mhyoid,16,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo1d,肩胛舌骨肌,起于舌骨止于肩胛骨,紧贴胸骨舌骨肌外侧向外下走形,大小有较大个体差异,,C5-6,以上显露一般不需切断肩胛舌骨肌,从该肌肉外上进入即可。某些病例肩胛舌骨肌比较肥厚高位,如显露,C6-7,以下,有时需切断,术后重新缝合该肌。,20,颈前下部结构1 面动、静脉facial a v肩胛舌骨肌起于,1,下领下腺,submandibular gland,2,二腹肌后腹,posterior belly of d1gastric,3,喉上神经,superior I aryngea I nerve,4,舌动脉,I ingual artery,5,颈外静脉,external jugular vein,6,颈攀,ansa cervical 1s,7,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyroid artery,8,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal nerve,9,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc I e I domas to id,10.,胸骨甲状肌,sternothyro1d muscle,11,椎前筋膜(覆盖椎体,I prevertebral layer of cervical fascia,12,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo1d,13,颈总动脉,common caroto1d artery,14,肩胛舌骨肌,omohyo1d,牵开气管食管、食管,可以露出食管后的椎前筋膜,椎前筋膜覆盖于椎体和颈长肌前,与颈动静脉鞘相连,颈动静脉之间可见迷走神经。,1,下额下腺,submandibular gland,2,胸锁乳突肌,sternocle,domasto 1d,3,颈内静脉,internal jugular artery,4,迷走神经,vagus nerve,5,颈攀,ansa cerv,calis,6,颈总动脉,common caroto1d artery,7,椎前筋膜,prevertebral layer of cervical fascia,8,肩脚舌骨肌下腹,inferior belly of omohyoid,9,胸骨甲状肌,sternothyro,d,10,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyoid,21,1 下领下腺submandibular gland牵开气管食,暴露低位颈椎时,有时受肩胛舌骨肌影响,可将其切断,术后再予缝合。,1,下颌下腺,submand,bular gland,2,二腹肌后腹,posterior belly of d1gastr1c,3,舌骨,hyo,d bone,4,胸锁乳突肌,sternocle,domast,口,,d,5,颈内静脉,internal jugular artery,6,喉上神经,superior laryngeal nerve,7,舌动脉,l,ngual artery,8,迷走神经,v;igus nerve,9,颈总动脉,common caroto,d artery,10,喉上动脉,superior laryngea I nerve,11,颈攀,ansa cervical 1s,12,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyroid artery,13,肩胛舌骨肌下腹,inferior belly of omohyo1d,14,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo1d,22,暴露低位颈椎时,有时受肩胛舌骨肌影响,可将其切断,术后再予缝,切断肩胛舌骨肌,翻开甲状腺,仔细分离旗下组织,可见甲状腺下极走行的甲状腺下动脉。,甲状腺下动脉,一般起自甲状颈干,位于颈长肌和椎前筋膜前方进入甲状腺下极,有时也在,C7-T1,水平自颈动脉发出。,虽然它经过手术区域,但一般不结扎,在下颈椎显露过程中偶尔会遇到该血管,必要时可予以结扎。,1,下领下腺,submandi bu I ar g I and,2,二腹肌后腹,posterior belly of d1gastric,3,舌动脉,J 1ngual artery,4,胸锁乳突肌,sternocle1domasto1d,5,颈内静脉,internal 1ugular artery,6,颈总动脉,common caroto,d artery,7,喉上神经,superior laryngea I ne,ve,8,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal nerve,9,交感干,sympathet ,c trunk,10,甲状牒上动脉,superior thyroid a,tery,11,颈长肌,longus coll, muscle,12,椎前筋膜,prevertebral layer of cervical fascia,13,食管,esophagus,14,胸骨舌青肌,sternuhyu,t.l,15,甲状腺,thyroid gland,16,甲状腺下动脉,inferior thyroid artery,17,甲状腺下静脉,1nfe,门,or thyroid vein,23,切断肩胛舌骨肌,翻开甲状腺,仔细分离旗下组织,可见甲状腺下极,1,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal artery,2,颈总动脉,common carotoid artery,3,交感干,sympathetic trunk,4,颈长肌,longus coll,5,椎前筋膜(覆盖椎体),prevertebral layer of cervical fascia,6,甲状腺上动脉,superi,口,r thyroid artery,7,食管,esophagus,8,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo1d,9,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc I e1domasto 1d,10,甲状腺下动脉,inferior thyroid artery,11,甲状腺,thyroid gland,12,甲状腺下静脉,inferior thyroid vein,交感神经干位于颈长肌表面,一般的颈椎前路手术不易损伤。,24,1 喉上动脉superior laryngeal arter,1,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyroid artery,2,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal artery,3,颈总动脉,common caroto1d artery,4,交感干,sympathet 1c trunk,5,颈长肌,longus c,口,111,6,颈升动脉,ascending cervical artery,7,椎前筋膜(覆盖椎体),prevertebral layer of cervical fascia,8,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc le I domastoi d,9,甲状颈干,thyrocev1cal trunk,10,甲状腺下动脉,inferior thyroid artery,11,喉返神经(右侧),recurrent laryngeal nerve (right),12,甲状腺,thyroid gland,13,甲状腺下静脉,inferior thyroid vein,进一步分离甲状颈干,甲状颈干起自锁骨下动脉,位于前斜角肌下平面的外侧。,甲状颈干从锁骨下动脉分支后立即发出分支:甲状腺下动脉和椎动脉。,甲状腺下动脉发出后从颈动静脉鞘后绕过。,椎动脉自,C6,起向上走行于横突孔。,25,1 甲状腺上动脉superior thyroid arter,1,舌动脉,lrngual artery,2,喉上神经,superior laryngeal nerve,3,胸锁乳突肌,sternoclerdomnst,。,id,4,颈内静脉,rnternal jugular artery,5,颈总动脉,common carotord artery,6,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyrord artery,7,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal nerve,8,交感干,sympathetic trunk,9,颈长肌,longus collr,10,椎前筋膜(覆盖椎体),prevertebral layer of cervical fascra,11,甲状腺,thyrord gland,12,甲状腺下动脉,inferior thyroid artery,13,喉返神经(右侧,I recurrent laryngeal nerve ( rght),在甲状腺背侧进行分离,在甲状腺下动脉下方可找到喉返神经。,26,1 舌动脉lrngual artery在甲状腺背侧进行分离,,1,颈内静脉,internal Jugular ve,n,2,颈总动脉,common caroto1d artery,3,颈长肌(部分剥离),longus col I 1,4,椎间盘(上覆椎前筋膜),1n1ervertebral disc,5,胸骨舌骨肌,s1ernohyo1d,6,椎体,vertebral body,7,甲状腺下动脉,inferio,thyroid artery,8,喉返神经(右侧),recurrent laryngeAI nP.rVP. (right),9,气管,trachea,10,甲状腺下静脉,infer thyroid vein,11,甲状腺,thyroid gland,12,胸锁乳突肌胸骨头,sternal head of 1ernocle1domasd,喉返神经来自迷走神经,右侧绕锁骨下动脉,左侧绕主动脉弓反折向上,紧贴甲状腺背侧向上走,于气管食管沟之间上行支配喉部,右侧喉返神经较左侧略靠外。,下颈椎 的显露过程中,紧贴颈动脉鞘显露一般不会伤到喉返神经。,27,1 颈内静脉internal Jugular ve,n喉返神,颈椎体前方结构,进一步牵开气管和食管,显露椎体前结构。牵开食管过程中要小心仔细,避免损伤食管。颈椎前路手术过程中食管损伤是很常见的并发症。,1,椎前筋膜,prevertebral fascia,2,颈长肌,ngus c,口,Iii,3,颈攀,ansa cerv1cal1s,4,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo,d,5,肩胛舌骨机,omohy,口,id,6,胸锁乳突肌,sternocle,dumastoiu,7,颈总动脉,common carotid artery,8,颈外动脉,external carotid artery,9,颈内静脉,internal Jugular ve,n,10,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyroid artery,11,下颌下腺,submandibar gland,28,颈椎体前方结构进一步牵开气管和食管,显露椎体前结构。牵开食管,颈前椎体旁的肌肉,最内侧为颈长肌,外侧为头长肌,上端止于寰椎前结节,颈长肌由三肌腹构成,自,C2-T3,,中间较宽,两侧较窄。分为直行部分和斜行部分。直行部分起自并附着于椎体前方。斜行部分与长头肌 一起附着于横突前结节。,1,椎体,vertebral body,2,椎间盘,intervertebral discs,3,颈长肌。,ngus col I,4,头长肌口,ngus cap111s,5,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyroid artery,6,甲状腺下动脉,inferior thyroid artery,7,颌下腺,submandibular gland,8,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo1d,9,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc I e1domas to1d,29,颈前椎体旁的肌肉,最内侧为颈长肌,外侧为头长肌,上端止于寰椎,切开椎前肌肉,显露颈椎横突前片和椎体间的钩椎关节。老年人的钩椎关节可有明显的增生肥大。在,C6,横突下可见到最动脉进入横突孔。,1 C,6,椎体,C, vertebrae,2,增生的钩突,proliferated unc,nate process,3,颈长肌(翻开),longus col I,4,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo,d,5,胸锁乳突肌,sternocle1domas1,口,,d,6,椎动脉,vertebral artery,7,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyroid artery,8,喉上神经,surerior laryngeal nerve,9,横突前结节,anterior tubercle of transverse process,10,甲状腺下动脉,inferior thyroid artery,11,肩胛舌骨肌,omohyo,d,12,颈总动脉,common carot 1d artery,13,颈外动脉,external caro11d arte,Y,30,切开椎前肌肉,显露颈椎横突前片和椎体间的钩椎关节。老年人的钩,1,椎体, vertebrae,2,增生的钩突,prolrferated uncrnate process,3,颈长肌,longus col Ir,4,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyord,5,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc le r domastord,6,椎动脉,vertebral artery,7,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyrord artery,8,喉上神经,superior laryngeal nerve,9,舌动脉,I rngua I artery,10,横突前结节,anterior tubercle of transverse pr,口,cess,11,下颌下腺,submandrbular gland,12,肩胛舌骨剧,L omohyoid,13 C6,神经,C 6nerve,继续清理可见,C6,横突外下,椎动脉背侧可见从椎管穿出的,C6,神经根,过度增生的钩椎关节可突入横突间间隙,压迫走行的椎动脉和神经根,产生不同的颈椎病症状。神经根型颈椎病的减压范围应注意到钩椎关节增生导致的压迫。,31,1 椎体 , vertebrae继续清理可见C6横突外下,椎,1,前纵韧带,anterior long1tud111al l,gament,2,椎间盘,inte,vertebral discs,3,椎体,vertebral body,4,颈长肌,longus col I 1,5,横突,t,ansverse process,6,横突前结节,anterior tubercle of transverse process,7,椎动脉,vertebral artery,8,颈外动脉,external carotid artery,9,颈内静脉,internal carotid ve,n,10,甲状腺上动 静脉,superior thyroid a v,11,下领下腺,submand,bular gland,12,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc le,domasto, d,没有明显增生的横突间可清晰显露出穿行于横突孔的椎动脉。,引流椎体和脊髓的主要静脉紧密附着于横突孔中的骨壁上,手术显露横突孔过程中常会引起较多的出血。,如果较大的椎动脉损伤,可采取直接压迫止血,但通常要将其结扎,单侧椎动脉结扎一般不会产生严重的后果。,32,1 前纵韧带anterior long1tud111al l,颈椎体周围结构,1,终板,lamina terminal 1s,2,椎间盘,1ntervertebral discs,3 c6,钩突,C unc1natP. lrnCP.SS,4,横突,transverse process,5,横突前结节,anterior tubercle of transverse process,6,椎动脉,vertebral artery,7,甲状腺上动、静脉,superior thyroid a v,8,颈长肌(翻开),longus col I 1,9,肩胛舌骨肌,omohyo1d,10,胸骨舌骨,ffn. sternohyo1d,11,胸骨甲状肌,sternothyro1d muscle,从前面切除,C4-5,和,C5-6,椎间盘,显露侧方的钩椎关节。,横突前结节为颈长肌、头长肌和前斜角肌提供附着,也是解剖的关键标志。,C6,横突前结节特别明显,又称颈动脉结节,( Chassaignac s tubercle,) ,是一个相对固定的标志。,33,颈椎体周围结构1 终板lamina terminal 1s从,1,终板,lamina term1nal1s,2,椎间盘,intervertebral discs,3,钩突,uncinate process,4,横突,transverse prcess,5,横突前结节,anterir tubercle of transverse process,6,椎动脉,vertebral artery,7,颈外动脉,external carotid artery,8,横突孔,transverse foramen,9,甲状腺上动、静脉,superiothyroid a v,10,下额下腺,submandibular gland,11,颈长肌,longus col Ii,1 2,肩胛舌骨肌,omohyoid,13,胸骨甲状肌,sternoth,raid,14,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyoid,15,胸锁乳突肌,sternocle,d,口,mastoid,切除椎间盘侧方纤维环, 暴露出钩突关节。钩椎关节前侧方与椎动脉相邻,,从椎体侧后缘对钩椎关节进行减压一般不会损伤到椎动脉, 但在椎动脉周围横突孔内有较丰富的静脉丛伴行,过多的侧方减压能会引起较多的出血。,34,1 终板lamina term1nal1s切除椎间盘侧方纤维,1,终板,lamina terminal,s,2,椎间盘,intervertebral discs,3,钩突,unc,nate process,4,后纵韧带,posterior lon91tud1nal ligament,5,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohy,口,1d,6,横突,transverse process,7,横突前结节,anter,旧,r tubercle of transverse pr,口,cess,8,椎动脉,vertebral artery,9,横突孔,transverse foramen,10,甲状腺上动静脉,superior thyroid a v,11,颈长肌,longus col Ii,1 2,胸骨甲状肌,sternothy,Old,次全切除,C5,椎体, 显露出椎体后的后纵韧带结构。,在前路减手术中,1.5,I. 8cm,的减压宽度是必要的,但椎体侧后方钩突的增生需要彻底的潜行减压。,神纤根就在钩突的下方穿行。,35,1 终板lamina terminal,s次全切除C5 椎体,1,终板,lamina terminal,s,2,椎间盘,intervertebral discs,3,后纵韧带,posterior longitudinal ligament,4,增生的钩椎关节,pro Ide,ated Luschka l,口,int,5,横突前结节,anterior tubercle of transverse process,6,颈长肌。,ngus col I 1,7,颈外动脉,external carotid artery,8,颈总动脉,common carotid artery,9,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyroid a,tery,10,下领下腺,submandibular gland,11,肩胛舌骨肌,omohyoid,1 2,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo1d,清理并辨别后纵韧带的边缘, 后纵韧带约占据椎体,2/3,1/2,的宽幅。,老年人的颈椎体结构, 见椎间隙明显狭小, 钩椎关节增生。,36,1 终板lamina terminal,s清理并辨别后纵韧带,1,终板,lamina terminalis,2,椎间盘,intervertebral discs,3,后纵韧带,posterior long1tud1nal ligament,4,增生的钩突,pr,。,literated unc,nate process,5,横突,transverse process,6,横突前结节,anterior tubercle of transverse process,7 C5,神经,C, nerve,8 C6,神经,C, nerve,9,椎动脉,vertebral artery,10,颈总动脉,common carotid artery,11,甲状腺上动脉,superi,。,r thyroid artery,12,喉上动脉,superior laryngeal artery,13,舌动脉,lingual artery,14,下领下腺,submand,bu I ar g I and,15,肩胛舌骨肌口,mohyo,d,16,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo,d,观察钩突和神经根根的毗邻关系, 钩突侧后方增生会引起相应的神经根受压症状和体征。,37,1 终板lamina terminalis观察钩突和神经根根,1,终板,lamina terminal 1s,2,钩突,unc1nate pr,口,cess,3,后纵韧带,posterior long1tudinal I 1gament,4,椎弓根,ped,cle of vertebral arch,5,横突,nsverse process,6,横突前结节,anterior tubercle of transverse process,7,硬脊膜,spinal dura mater,8,神经根,nerve root,9,椎动脉,vertebral artery,10,颈外动脉,external carotid artery,11,甲状腺上动、静脉,superio,thyroid a v,12,下颌下腺,submandibular gland,13,颈长肌,longus c,口,Iii,14,肩胛舌骨肌,om,口,hyo,d,1 5,胸骨舌青肌,sternohy,口,id,16,胸锁乳突肌,sternoclei domasto id,剔除后纵韧带外缘的硬脊膜外血管网,血管往往较丰富。,显露出硬脊膜和颈髓发出的,c5,、,c6,神经根。,38,1 终板lamina terminal 1s38,1,终板,lamina terminal ,s,2,硬,脊膜,spinal dura mater,3,后纵韧带,posterior longitudinal I 1gament,4 C4,神经,nerve,5 C5,神经,nerve,6 C6,神经,nerve,7,椎动脉,vertebral artery,8,颈外动脉,external carotid arte,Y,9,颈总均脉,common ca rot 1d artery,10,甲状腺上动静脉,superior thyroid a,v,11,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo,d,切除横突前壁,显露横突孔,神经根位于椎动脉后方,神经根相对水平进入神经根管后约成,45,穿出。,39,1 终板lamina terminal ,s切除横突前壁,显,1,终板,lamina terminal1s,2,钩突,uncinate process,3,横突,transverse process,4,横突前结节,anterior tubercle of transverse process,5,硬脊膜,spinal dura mater,6,后纵韧带,posterior longnudinal ligament,7,胸锁乳突肌,sternoc le idomas to id,8,椎动脉,vertebral artery,9 C i,神经根,c., nerve root,10 C,神经根,C nerve root,11 C,神经根,C nerve root,12 C,神经根,C nerve root,13 C 8,神经根,C nerve root,14,肩胛舌骨肌,omohyo1d,15,胸骨甲状肌,sternothyro,d,16,胸骨舌骨肌,sternohyo1d,牵开,C6,下方颈长肌,在椎动脉后方可暴露出,C7,、,C8,神经根。,C7,和,T1,椎体明显较上位颈部深在并且前倾。,40,1 终板lamina terminal1s牵开C6下方颈长肌,1,横突前结节,anterior tubercle of transverse process,2,前斜角肌,scalenus anterio,3,胸锁乳突肌,sternocle1domasto Id,4 C3,神经根,C nerve root,5 C4,神经根,C, nerve root,6,椎动脉,vertebral artery,7,甲状腺上动脉,superior thyr,口,1d artery,神经根穿出椎管的路径包括钩椎关节、横突等组成的骨性管道和前中斜角肌组成的肌筋膜管道。,任何部分的增生肥厚都会对神经根产生压迫症状。,肌性压迫通过保守治疗通常能获得缓解,而骨性压迫常需要手术治疗。,41,1 横突前结节anterior tubercle of tr,谢 谢 大 家,42,谢 谢 大 家42,