单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,?国际关系概论?第二节 国际体系,本节主要内容,一、国际体系,二、国际格局,三、大国战略关系,一、国际体系,一体系,1、国际关系的分析层次,Levels of analysis: 分析层次,the different aspects of and agents in international affairs that may be stressed in interpreting world politics and explaining global phenomena, depending on whether the analyst chooses to focus on wholes (the complete global system and large collectivities) or on parts (individual states or people).,Individual level of analysis: 个体层次,An analytical approach that emphasizes the psychological and perceptual variables motivating people, such as those who make foreign policy decisions on behalf of states and other global actors.,State level of analysis,：国家层次,an analytical approach that emphasizes how the internal attributes of states influence their foreign policy behaviors.,States attributes:,State characteristics that shape foreign policy behavior, such as its size, wealth, and the extent to which its leaders are accountable to(,负责向,) its citizens in comparison with other states.,Global level of analysis,：体系层次,an analytical approach that emphasizes the impact of worldwide conditions on foreign policy behavior and human welfare.,2、国际体系,Global system：,the predominant patterns of behaviors and beliefs that prevail internationally to define the major worldwide conditions that heavily influence human and national activities.,二不同理论流派如何看待“国际体系,1、现实主义,体系结构：各国之间的权力分布状况“极，详见国际格局局部。,Realism : the pessimistic theory derived from the assumption that because humans are born to seek self-advantage, international politics is doomed to be an endless struggle for power involving war.,2、自由主义,体系过程进程：体系单位之间的互动模式。其决定因素主要有：体系结构多级结构导致灵活的国家互动，而两极导致僵硬的国家互动过程；文化和制度环境影响国家参加合作的动机与能力；国家的目标和手段激进的还是温和的。,Liberalism : the optimistic theoretical tradition that because humans are capable of compassion and self-sacrifice for collective gains, it is possible for world politics to progress toward cooperation beyond narrow competition and war.,3、激进主义马克思主义,体系阶层分化：国际体系中国家的阶层分化。,开展中国家南方国家/兴旺国家北方国家；边缘国家/半边缘国家/中心国家世界体系论；最不兴旺国家/低收入国家/中下收入国家/中上收入国家/高收入国家世界银行,Communism:,an ideology maintaining that if society is organized so that every person produces according to his or her ability and consumes according to needs, a community without class distinctions will emerge, sovereign states will no longer be needed, and imperial wars of colonial conquest will vanish from history.,Marxism-Leninism:,communist theory as derived from the writings of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and their successors, which criticizes capitalism as a cause of class struggle, the exploitation of workers, colonialism, and war.,4、英国学派,国际体系存在两个以上国家的跨国交往即可形成；,国际社会除跨国互动，还有成员国认同；,世界社会是否存在？ ,5、建构主义,体系文化结构：霍布斯文化人人为敌、洛克文化竞争对手、康德文化朋友,Constructivism:,A scholarly approach to inquiry emphasizing the importance of agents (people and groups) and the shared meanings they construct to define their identities, interests, and institutions(惯例)-understandings that influence their international behavior.,三国际体系的特征,现实主义学者认为是无政府状态。国际无政府状态的根源在于各国间缺乏一个国际权威能够垄断军事等暴力手段。,自由主义学者认为是行为体之间的相互依赖，或者是国际社会，或者是无政府状态。,激进主义学者那么认为是国家之间的“阶层分化。,国际社会,国内社会,性质,无政府社会,Anarchic society,有政府社会,Hierarchical society,等级依据,实力,权力,行为准则,从林法,契约法,法律效率,缺乏强制力,强制实施,军事暴力,无垄断,垄断于中央政府,安全保障,自助,政府提供,认同感,（缺乏）全球认同,民族国家认同,国际社会与国内社会区别,Hierarchy & Anarchy,Hierarchy:,An arrangement in which formal authority is stratified; sometimes used to describe the stratified distribution of wealth, military capability ,or prestige.,Anarchy:,An arrangement that lacks a higher authority, and a central feature of the modern international system.,Anarchy :,a system made up of competitive interacting actors in the absence of supervisory governing institutions to regulate the units competition.,以权力为根底的国内等级：印度种姓制度,婆罗门祭司和僧侣,刹帝利贵族和武士,吠舍农民、商人和手工业者,首陀罗被征服的奴隶、失去土地的自由民,以实力为根底的国际等级：当代国际组织,联合国的常任理事、非常任理事、普通会员,世界银行的投票权以股本金多少为标准美国第一，是行长，中国04年占2.81%第六位,国际货币基金欧洲是总裁，中国04年特别提款权3%，第8位,四国际体系的构成,1、国际行为体国家、国际组织、跨国公司、个人等,2、国际格局一极、两极、多极等,3、国际标准平等、主权、正义等,Regimes :the rules agreed upon by states to work together to manage shared problems, even though short-term relative losses may be encountered because long-term benefits to all are expected.,International regimes: a concept constructed to explain the benefits to actors supporting particular rules to regulate a specific international problem, such as disposal of toxic wastes.,几个典型的国际体系,东亚国际体系：朝贡体系,欧洲国际体系：,维也纳-梅特涅体系1814,全球国际体系：,凡尔塞-华盛顿体系1919,雅尔塔体系1945,Yalta conference: The 1945 summit meeting, with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchill to resolve postwar territorial issues and voting procedures in the United Nations to collectively manage world order.,五国际体系的变化,1、自由主义,国际体系变化的主要原因有:,1外在技术开展；,2不同问题领域相对重要性的改变；,3国际行为体类型或数量的增加，结成新型关系网络并改变国际体系和国家行为。,2、现实主义,国际体系变化的主要原因:,1主要国家数量变化或其间相对权力的变化,相对权力变化往往通过战争的方式，“和平开展的方式？；,2体系标准的变化“核禁忌标准、人道主义干预标准VS主权标准；,3外在变化技术变化等。,3、激进主义,国际体系变化原因：,1生产力变化技术变化；,2直接原因是暴力革命但在当代很困难，改变资本主义国际体系和现有不平等的国际政治经济秩序。,资本主义已经形成了一个由世界经济、国际政治与世界文化等领域组成并维持自身稳定的结构。沃勒斯坦。,国际体系变化的动力：吉尔平的解释,国际体系各组成局部的变化速度,1、国际格局：数十年内就有可能出现变化多极、多极、单极,2、国际行为体变化：以百年计由城邦国家，到帝国，再到现代民族国家,3、国际标准变化：以千年计“威斯特伐利亚和会确立的主权标准近四百年没发生本质变化，中国古代“朝贡制度那么经历了两千年之久,二、国际格局,国际格局的含义、构成,国际格局的形态,国际格局对国家行为的影响,国际格局的变化原因,一国际格局的含义和构成,定义：国际格局各国实力比照大国战略关系,实力比照：指不同实力等级国家的数量，包括超级大国、强国、地区大国、中小国家等。,“实力结构 “国际格局。,两者的区别在于稳定性。实力结构随时存在，但国际格局是指实力结构相对稳定的状态。因此，不同国际格局之间有过渡期，实力结构没有过渡期。,Polarization(极化) :,The formation of competing coalitions or blocs composed of allies that align with one of the major competing poles, or centers, of power.,二国际格局的形态,根本形态一极、两极、多极，以实力结构为根底。所谓的“极，简单讲就是国际体系中占支配地位的主导大国的数量。 ,根本形态间的变种Hybrid那么受大国战略关系影响。如冷战后的“一超多强。,Multipolarity: the distribution of global power into three or more great-power centers, with other states allied with one of the rivals.,Unipolarity : a condition in which an international system has a single dominant power or hegemon capable of prevailing over all other states.,Bipolarity: a condition in which power is concentrated in two competing centers so that the rest of the states define their allegiances in terms of their relationships with both rival great-power superstates, or poles.,单极：冷战后，美国一超独大。,两极：冷战时期，美苏争霸 。,多极：一战至二战结束，英、,法 、德、俄、美、日诸强并存,。,19世纪欧洲多极格局示意图,俄国,奥匈,帝国,普鲁士,（德国）,法国,英国,欧洲多极,均势格局,三国际格局对国际行为体的影响,在两极、单极、多极这三种国际格局中，哪种最稳定？,大国在哪种国际格局中所受到的限制最多？,1、相同格局，不同等级地位的国家所受到的约束不同在一超多强格局里，美国受到的约束小于中国；,2、不同格局，相同等级地位的国家受约束不同超级大国在两极格局中受到的约束大于一极格局的情形。,四国际格局的变化原因,大国实力比照变化改变国际格局，如战争改变实力比照二战、元帝国、帝国过度扩张罗马帝国、大英帝国、国家长期战略失误清王朝闭关锁国、国家内政混乱苏联解体,大国战略关系变化不一定改变格局20世纪60年代中法建交、70年代末中美建交没有改变两极格局，只有改变总体实力结构才能改变国际格局,三、大国战略关系,大国战略关系：指的是国家之间的敌友关系情况，具体可以分为盟友、非敌非友和敌手三种类型。,一般地，大国战略关系的变化速度快于大国之间实力比照的变化。,大国战略关系的简史阅读教材,早期欧洲大国战略关系19世纪“欧洲协调 ，The Concert of Europe,两次世界大战期间的大国战略关系,一战：同盟国V.S. 协约国；二战：法西斯轴心国V.S. 世界反法西斯联盟,冷战期间的大国战略关系美、苏冷战,冷战结束后的大国战略关系美欧日、中、俄、印,“金砖四国Brics与西方世界。,