十四、并列句和复合句,十四、并列句和复合句,一、并列句,由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫作并列句。常见分类:,1.表示同等、平行或承接关系,常用连词and,both.and,not only.but also.,neither.nor.,as well as等。,2.表示转折关系,常用连词but,yet(然而),however(然而),while(而)等。,一、并列句,3.表示选择关系,常见连词or,not.but(不是而是),either.or.(要么要么)等。,4.表示因果关系,常见连词because,as,for(因为),so等。,二、复合句,由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫作复合句。从句需由关联词引导。初中英语教材主要涉及的复合句有状语从句、宾语从句和定语从句。,3.表示选择关系,常见连词or,not.,考点一 状语从句,状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用,修饰主句中的谓语、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导,从属连词不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据意义上的不同,状语从句可分为:时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、地点状语从句等。,考点一 状语从句,从句类型,从句引导词,例句,时间状,语从句,when,while,before,after,until,since,as soon as,He didnt get home,until,9 p.m.last night.,他直到昨天晚上九点才到家。,Ill call you up,as soon as,I arrive in Beijing.我一到北京就给你打电话。,条件,状语,从句,if,unless,as long as,Youll be kept out of the party,unless,you have an invitation.,如果没有请柬,您是无法参加这个聚会的。,从句类型从句引导词例句时间状when,while,bef,从句类型,从句引导词,例句,目的,状语,从句,so that,in order that,The new company gave away lots of ads,in order that,people can get to know it.这家新公司散发了大量广告以加强人们对它的了解。,让步,状语,从句,though/although,even if,whatever,wherever,whenever,The whole library was in silence,although,there were nearly 500 people reading in it.尽管有将近500人在看书,但整座图书馆却寂静无声。,从句类型从句引导词例句目的so that,in order,从句类型,从句引导词,例句,原因,状语,从句,because,since,as,for,Since,everyone is here,lets begin our meeting.既然大家都到齐了,我们开始开会吧。,结果,状语,从句,so.that,such.that,Yao Ming plays basketball,so,well,that,many Americans have also become his fans.,姚明篮球打得如此好以至于很多美国人也成了他的粉丝。,从句类型从句引导词例句原因because,since,a,从句类型,从句引导词,例句,比较,状语,从句,than,as.as.,not as/so.as.,Im,as old as,Bob.,我和鲍勃年龄一样大。,地点,状语,从句,where,wherever,Where,there is a will,there is a way.哪里有希望,哪里就有出路。(有志者,事竟成),从句类型从句引导词例句比较than,as.as.,状语从句的注意事项,1.条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的时态,(1)如果主句使用一般将来时,条件状语从句和时间状语从句中使用一般现在时表示将来的动作,Your dream must come true if you work hard.,如果努力,你的梦想一定会实现。,Im going to be an engineer when I grow up.,长大后我想成为一名工程师。,(2)如果主句使用过去进行时,时间状语从句中一般使用过去时态,We were watching TV when my father got back.,爸爸回来时我们在看电视。,状语从句的注意事项(1)如果主句使用一般将来时,条件状语从句,2.时间状语从句中not.until.(直到才)与before/after引导的从句的转换。,I went to bed,after,I finished my homework.,=I did,nt,go to bed,until,I finished my homework.,直到做完作业我才去睡觉。,2.时间状语从句中not.until.,3.结果状语从句中的特殊句式,(1)祈使句+and+简单句:祈使句表示条件,and引导的简单句表示在条件的基础上产生的良好结果,前后句意统一,Eat more vegetables and less meat,and youll keep in good health.多吃菜少吃肉,你会保持健康的。,(2)祈使句+or+简单句:祈使句表示条件,or引导的简单句表示在违背条件的基础上可能产生的不良后果,前后句意对立。or在句中表示“否则”,可与if引导的从句进行替换,Keep quiet,or you wont hear what the teacher says.,=Keep quiet,and you will hear what the teacher says.,=If you dont keep quiet,you wont hear what the teacher says.保持安静,否则你听不见老师在说什么。,3.结果状语从句中的特殊句式(1)祈使句+and+简单句,(3)so.that.(如此以至于)与too.to.(太而不能)和not.enough to.(不足以)句式的转换,He is so young that he cant look after himself.=He is too young to look after himself.=He is not old enough to look after himself.,他如此年轻以至于他不能照顾自己。,(3)so.that.(如此以至于,考点二 宾语从句,一、在主从复合句中作宾语的句子叫作宾语从句。,二、宾语从句的四个考点:,时态,主句是现在时,从句根据实际情况使用相应时态,主句是过去时,从句使用过去时的某种形式,从句表示的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等时,不管主句使用什么时态,从句都用一般现在时,语序,从句一律用陈述语序,即主语+谓语,考点二 宾语从句 时态主句是现在时,从句根据实际情,连接词,that在从句中作宾语时可以省略;作主语时不能省略,what,when,where,how,whatever,whenever,wherever,who,whom,whose等特殊疑问词作连接词,当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时,连接词用whether或if,表示是否,人称,一随主,二随宾,三不变,连接词that在从句中作宾语时可以省略;作主语时不能省略人,【温馨提示】,当主句谓语动词为think,suppose,guess,believe等词,主语为第一人称,从句表达否定意义时,形式上应否定主句。例如:,I dont think,that,he is right.我认为他不对。,【温馨提示】,考点三 定语从句,一、基本构成,1.定义:在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前。,2.句式:含有定语从句的复合句基本结构:先行词+关系词+定语从句。,考点三 定语从句,二、关系代词的基本用法,作主语,作宾语,作定语,指人,who/that,who/whom/that/省略,whose,指物,which/that,which/that/省略,whose,二、关系代词的基本用法作主语作宾语作定语指人who/that,Do you know the girl who/that has won the first prize in the singing competition?,你认识歌咏比赛中获得一等奖的那个女孩吗?,Many laugh-making stars whose master is Zhao Benshan have become famous these years.,近年来很多师承赵本山的笑星成名了。,Do you know the girl w,【温馨提示】,1.以下情况只用that:,(1)先行词前有最高级或序数词修饰,The Transformers,is the greatest movie,that,I have ever seen.,变形金钢是我看过的最棒的一部电影。,The first gift,that,I got from Uncle Liu was a toy panda.我从刘叔叔那里得到的第一件礼物是一只玩具熊猫。,(2)先行词前有only,all,any,no,last,just,very等词修饰,Miss Yu seems to be the only teacher,that,can help us now.现在可以帮助我们的老师好像只有于老师了。,【温馨提示】(1)先行词前有最高级或序数词修饰The Tr,(3)先行词是something,anything,nothing,everything,little,few,many,all,no,none等,Is there anything,that,I can do for you?我可以为你做点什么?,(4)先行词既有人又有物,I love the schools and teachers,that,give me happiness.我喜爱给我带来欢乐的学校和老师。,(3)先行词是something,anything,noth,2.以下情况只用who/whom:,(1)先行词是anyone,anybody,one,ones,those等,Anyone,who,breaks the law will be punished.任何违法之人都将受到处罚。,(2)在there be结构中,先行词指人时,关系代词用who,There are some boys,who,are playing basketball on the playground.操场上有些男孩在打篮球。,2.以下情况只用who/whom:(1)先行词是any,3.以下情况只用which:,(1)引导词前有介词且先行词指物,This is the house in,which,Im living.这就是我住的房子。,(2)非限制性定语从句中,He bought a new computer,which,can work faster and better.他买了台新电脑,这台电脑可以工作得更快更好。,3.以下情况只用which:(1)引导词前有介词且先行词指,三、关系副词的基本用法,用 法,例句,when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,其先行词是表示时间的名词(year,season,day等),I still remember the days,when,we worked together.,我仍然记得我们在一起工作的日子。,where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,其先行词是表示地点的名词(pl