Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Chapter 2,Paradigms,Theory,And Research,Chapter Outline,Introduction,Some Social Science Paradigms,Elements of Social Theory,Two Logical Systems Revisited,Deductive Theory Construction,Inductive Theory Construction,The Links Between Theory and Research,Theory and Research,Theory functions three ways in research:,Theories prevent our being taken in by flukes.,Theories make sense of observed patterns in ways that can suggest other possibilities.,Theories can direct research efforts,pointing toward likely discoveries through empirical observation.,Question,Which of the following do theories seek to provide?,personal experience,discovery,correlations,logical explanations,Answer:D,Theories seek to provide,logical explanations,.,Paradigms,A model or framework for observation and understanding,which shapes both what we see and how we understand it.,The conflict paradigm causes us to see social behavior one way,the interactionist paradigm causes us to see it differently.,We can see new ways of seeing and explaining things when we step outside our paradigm.,Social Science Paradigms:Macrotheory,Macrotheory,deals with large,aggregate entities of society or whole societies.,Struggle between economic classes,international relations,Social Science Paradigms:Microtheory,Microtheory deals with issues at the level of individuals and small groups.,Dating behavior,jury deliberations,student faculty interactions,Social Science Paradigms:Social Darwinism,Comtes view that science would replace religion and metaphysics by basing knowledge on observations.,Comte coined,positivism,in contrast to what he regarded as negative elements in the Enlightenment.,Social Science Paradigms:Conflict,Marx suggested social behavior could be seen as the process of conflict:,Attempt to dominate others.,Attempt to avoid domination.,Social Science Paradigms:Symbolic Interactionism,Interactions revolve around individuals reaching understanding through language and other systems.,Can lend insights into the nature of interactions in ordinary social life.,Social Science Paradigms:Ethnomethodology,People are continuously trying to make sense of the life they experience.,One technique is to break the rules and violate peoples expectations.,Social Science Paradigms:Structural Functionalism,A social entity,such as an organization,can be viewed as an organism.,A social system is made up of parts,each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole.,This view looks for the“functions”served by the various components of society.,Social Science Paradigms:Feminism,Focuses on gender differences and how they relate to the rest of social organization.,Draws attention to the oppression of women in many societies,and sheds light on all kinds of oppression.,Question,_ are fundamental frames of reference.,perspectives,theories,paradigms,methods,Answer:C,Paradigms,are fundamental frames of reference.,Question,_ can lend insights into the nature of interactions in ordinary social life.,symbolic,interactionism,conflict theory,structural functionalism,feminist theory,none of these choices,Answer:A,Symbolic interactionism,can lend insights into the nature of interactions in ordinary social life.,Womens Ways of Knowing,5 perspectives on knowing that challenge the view of inquiry as straightforward:,Silence,:Some women feel isolated from knowledge,their lives are largely determined by external authorities.,Womens Ways of Knowing,Received knowledge,:Women feel comfortable taking in knowledge from external authorities.,Subjective knowledge,:Open to the possibility of personal,subjective knowledge,including intuition.,Womens Ways of Knowing,Procedural knowledge:,Learning how to gain knowledge through objective procedures.,Constructed knowledge,:Women view knowledge as contextual,experience themselves as creators of knowledge and value subjective and objective ways of knowing.,Social Science Paradigms:Critical Race Theory,In the mid-1970s,civil rights activists and social scientists began the codification of a paradigm based on a commitment to racial justice.,The concept of interest convergence suggests that laws will only be changed to benefit African Americans if those changes further the interests of whites.,Asch Experiment,Purpose was to see whether subjects were swayed by pressure to go along with an incorrect answer.,Initial experiments,found that a little over 1/3 of subjects were.,Elements of Social Theory,Theories,are systematic sets of interrelated statements intended to explain some aspect of social life.,A paradigm offers a way of looking,a theory aims at explaining what we see.,In social research,observation,refers to seeing,hearing,andless commonlytouching.,Elements of Social Theory,Social scientists use,fact,to refer to a phenomenon that has been observed.,Scientists organize many facts under“rules”called,laws,.,A,variable,is a special kind of c