Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,*,Low Vision Aids,.,.,.,Low Vision Aids.,1,Who are all low vision patient,Having vision less than 6/18 in better eye,Having vision 6/6 but field of vision is less than 20,Having vision 6/6,field of vision is normal,but contrast sensitivity is poor,.,.,.,Who are all low vision patient,2,Who need rehabilitation?,Patient having some vision that patients need LV device,Patient having less than 3/60,that patient wants mobility training,.,.,.,Who need rehabilitation?Patien,3,Causes,Macular degeneration,Diabetic Retinopathy,Glaucoma,Corneal disease,Neurological disorders Albinism,RP,Optic atrophy,Achromatopsia,Retinal problems,.,.,.,CausesMacular degeneration.,4,Low vision Examination,Case History,RR,Field,Contrast sensitivity,Glare,Trial of low vision device,Instruction,Prescription,Follow-up,.,.,.,Low vision ExaminationCase His,5,Treatment,Optical aids,Non-optical aids,Electronic aids,.,.,.,TreatmentOptical aids.,6,Magnification,Relative size magnification,Physically enlarging the size of an object of the retina,Relative distance magnification,Moving the object of regards towards the patient,.,.,.,MagnificationRelative size mag,7,Angular magnification,Ratio of the angle of substance of the image formed by an optical instrument compared to the actual object.E.g.Telescope,.,.,.,Angular magnificationRatio of,8,Optical Aids,Telescope,Spectacle,Hand Magnifier,Stand Magnifier,Pocket Magnifier,Prismosphere,.,.,.,Optical AidsTelescope.,9,Distance vision,Telescopes,Galilean,Keplerian,.,.,.,Distance visionTelescopes.,10,Galilean,+Objective,-eye piece,Low power(2 x to 4x),Lighter,less expensive,Large exit pupil,.,.,.,Galilean+Objective,-eye pie,11,Keplarian,+objective,+eye piece,Prism to invert image,Higher powers available,Poor light gathering,.,.,.,Keplarian+objective,+eye pi,12,Types,Hand held telescopes,Clip on telescopes,Spectacle mounted telescopes,.,.,.,TypesHand held telescopes.,13,Hand held,Portable,Spotting intermediate&distance,Monocular,Inexpensive,.,.,.,Hand heldPortable.,14,Clip on,2.5 x to 4 x,Distance and near,Some hand held can be placed in flip-up clip,.,.,.,Clip on2.5 x to 4 x.,15,Spectacle mounted,1.7x to 8x,Special order,Bioptic,Full diameter,Wide angle,Expanded field when compared to others,It is also available head down type,.,.,.,Spectacle mounted1.7x to 8x.,16,Advantages of telescopes,Distance,intermediate or near,Variable working distance,Monocular&binocular,Spectacle mounted and hand held,Ideal range-2x to 4x,.,.,.,Advantages of telescopesDistan,17,Disadvantage in Telescope,Disadvantages,Restricted field,Reduced light gathering,Limited depth of focus,Requires co-ordination,Appearance and cost factor,.,.,.,Disadvantage in TelescopeDisad,18,Problems with optical system,Small field of view,When magnification increases contrast will be decrease,Close working distance,Lighting and glare,More aberrations,.,.,.,Problems with optical systemSm,19,Optical aids available here,Telescope 3x;4x,2x hand held magnifier,2x bar magnifier,3x hand held illuminated magnifier,Pocket magnifier(3x,6x),5.0 ds hand held illuminated magnifier,4x wide field stand magnifier,6x cutaway stand magnifier,.,.,.,Optical aids available hereTel,20,Kesten baums rule,The inverse of the visual acuity=the add required to read 1m point,6/60=+10.0 ds,.,.,.,Kesten baums ruleThe inverse,21,Spectacle,Advantages,Hands free,Wide field,Prolonged reading,Monocular or binocular,.,.,.,SpectacleAdvantages.,22,Disadvantages,Fixing reading distance,Close reading distance,Positioning and posture,Head pain,.,.,.,DisadvantagesFixing reading di,23,Hand Magnifiers,Advantages,Variable eye lens distance,Normal reading distance,Allows for eccentric viewing,May have own light source,Ideal range 10 to 20 dpts,.,.,.,Hand MagnifiersAdvantages.,24,Hand Magnifier,Disadvantages,Reduced field of view,Both hands occupied,Critical focus distance,Motion magnified(tremor,arthritis),Illumination reflected,.,.,.,Hand MagnifierDisadvantages.,25,Stand Magnifiers,Advantages,May have own light source,Lens distance stabilized on page,Ideal for stroke,tremor,arthritis patients,Ideal stand range 12 24 dpts,Illuminated stand range 16 to 28 dpts,.,.,.,Stand MagnifiersAdvantages.,26,Stand Magnifiers,Disadvantages,Reduced field of view,Requires co-ordination,Need to use appropriate glasses,Illumination blocked and reflected by lens,Not be a portable,.,.,.,Stand MagnifiersDisadvantages,27,Prism sphere glasses,Advantages,+5.0 ds&6.0 ds,8.0ds prismospheres,4x dome magnifier,Aspheric,+16.0 ds,+22.0 ds,+24.0 ds,2.5 stand magnifier,.,.,.,Prism sphere glasses Advantage,28,Disadvantages,Very close Reading,Standard reading distance,.,.,.,DisadvantagesVery close Readin,29,Non Optical Aids,Tints,Illumination,fluorescent lamp,Incandescent,Neodymium bulb,Halogen light,Contrast,Black pen,Typo scope(black&white contrast,),Money finder,.,.,.,Non Optical AidsTints.,30,Electronic ai