单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 7 Ergonomics,Unit 1 Introduction to Ergonomics,Unit 2,Physiological and Psychological,Activities of Human,Unit 1 Introduction to Ergonomics,1.,Definition of Ergonomics,2.,Aim of Ergonomics,3.,Origins of Ergonomics,4.,Components of Ergonomics,5.Research Contents of Ergonomics,6.,Contents of Ergonomic Design,7.,Application of Ergonomics,1.,Definition of Ergonomics,Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system,and the profession that applies theory,principles,data and methods to design in order to optimize human being activities and overall system performance.,2.,Aim of Ergonomics,The aim of ergonomics is to ensure that humans and technology work in complete harmony,with the equipment and tasks aligned to human characteristics.,4.,Components of Ergonomics,Ergonomics deals with the interaction of technological and work situations with the human being.The basic human sciences involved are as follows:,Anthropometry,Physiology,Psychology,5.,Research Contents of Ergonomics,Ergonomics includes two aspects:,Physical ergonomics,Cognitive ergonomics,.,6.Contents of Ergonomic Design,Ergonomic design is a way of considering design options to ensure that peoples capabilities and limitations are taken into account.This helps to ensure that the product is fit for the target users.It covers:,Product design,Age related design,Information design,Unit 2,Physiological and Psychological Activities of Human,1.,Physiological Aspects of Human Performance,2.,Anthropometry,3.,Percentile,4.,Application of Anthropometry,5.,Impacts of Working Environment,6.,Definition and Goal of Engineering Psychology,7.,Effects of Working Environment on Safety,8.,Mental Health,9.,Human Interface with the World of Work,1.,Physiological Aspects of Human Performance,The principles of reducing the risk of injury:,All work activities should permit the worker to adopt several different,but equally healthy and safe postures;,Muscular force has to be exerted by the largest appropriate muscle groups available;,Work activities should be performed with the joints at about mid-point of their range of movement.This applies particularly to the head,trunk,and upper limbs.,3.,Percentile,Percentiles are shown in anthropometry tables and they tell you whether the measurement given in the tables relates to the average person,or someone who is above or below average in a certain dimension.,The graph of the heights of a group of people is symmetrical so that 50%of people are of average height or taller and 50%of people are of average height or smaller.,4.Application of Anthropometry,The aim for the design,Design examples,Examples of measurements to consider,Users that the design should accommodate,Easy reach,Vehicle dashboards,Shelving,Arm length,Shoulder height,Smallest user:,5th percentile,Adequate clearance to avoid unwanted contact/trapping,Manholes,Cinema seats,Shoulder or hip width,Thigh length,Largest user:,95th percentile,A good match between the user and the product,Seats,Cycle helmets,Pushchair,Knee-floor height,Head circumference,Weight,Maximum range:,5th to 95th percentile,4.Applications of Anthropometry,The aim for the design,Design examples,Examples of measurements to consider,Users that the design should accommodate,A comfortable and safe posture,Lawnmowers,Monitor positions,Elbow height,Sitting eye height,Maximum range:,5th to 95th percentile,Easy operation,Screw bottle tops,Door handles,Light switches,Grip strength,Hand width,Height,Smallest or weakest user:5th percentile,To ensure that an item cant be reached or operated,Machine guarding mesh,Distance of railings from hazard,Finger width，Arm length,Smallest user:5th percentile,Largest user:95th percentile,6.Definition and Goal of Engineering Psychology,Engineering Psychology is defined as the application of psychological principles,knowledge,and research to improve the ability of humans to operate more effectively in a technological society.,The goal of Engineering Psychology is safer,more effective,and more reliable systems through improved understanding of the users requirements and performance capabilities.,7.Effects of Working Environment on Safety,Safety and accident prevention are important areas of ergonomics,environmental psychology and ergonomics engineering.,The general surroundings of your office could be having negative effects on your mental state and work productivity.,Environmental Factors:,light,noise,8.,Mental Health,The Problem of mental health may lead to,disasters,Ergonomists working in these areas pay particular attention to the mental demands on the operators,designing tasks and equipment to minimize the chances of misreading information or operating the wrong controls,9.,Human/Machine System Interface,How do people interact with machines and with the man-made components of their physical environments?,This question is vital for the creation of li