单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,解析高考英语,阅读中的长难句,解析高考英语,在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。,在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常,1,、带有较多成分的简单句。,Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines,，,the toothpaste marketer,，,for instance,，,must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used.,一、长难句的分类,1、带有较多成分的简单句。Having chosen fam,2,、含有多个简单句的并列句。,In the 1970s,he was a surgeon at Yale,，,and had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children,，,but he was terribly unhappy.,2、含有多个简单句的并列句。In the 1970s,I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(,不能再生的,)resources,，,our children may have to lead poorer lives.,3,、含有多个从句的复合句。,I cant live in fear of the p,4,、含有多个插入成分的句子。,His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently,（无知地）,enough when,as chairman of Computer Associates International,，,a software company,，,he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.,4、含有多个插入成分的句子。His journey to,5,、并列复合句。,I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse,，,but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not,，,change was unavoidable.,5、并列复合句。I have known chan,Before 1066,in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.,6,、倒装句。,Before 1066,in the land we n,1,、复合从句,句子较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣。不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。,主干,是整个句子的骨架，主要指,主谓宾结构或主系表结构,。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。,我们应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。,二、长难句的归纳,1、复合从句 句子较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环,2,、分隔结构,为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是,插入语,、用,破折号,插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是,定语,）过长而出现,后置,，也可以看作是插入现象。只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。,2、分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为,3,、成分省略,在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了,避免重复,，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。,3、成分省略,4,、改变语序,改变语序主要指,倒装句式,。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些,副词、连词,相关，有明显的标志。,4、改变语序改变语序主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固,(1),结构分析法,所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。,首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子附属成分。,三、分析长难句的方法策略,(1)结构分析法 所谓结构分析法，就是通,句 子,判 断,简单句,并列句,复合句,主 干,并列连词,从属连词,句 子判 断简单句并列句复合句主 干并列连词从属连词,However,who specialize in ageing,the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.,方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法,找主、,谓语，即找主干成分,many scientists,are doubtful about it and say,However,方法二：并列句的处理方法,找并列连词,Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding Mr.Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.,and,方法二：并列句的处理方法 Miss Germaine,方法三：主从复合句的处理方法,找从属连词,a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,，,it wasnt unusual to hear a man say,he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble,he appeared one night asking,he could sleep on the sofa.,Whereas,that,that,until,if,方法三：主从复合句的处理方法,方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法,先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句,you ask people to name one person had the greatest effect on the English language,you will get answers like“Shakespeare”,“Samuel Johnson”,and“Webster”,none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man didnt even speak EnglishWilliam,the Conqueror.,but,If,who,who,方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法 you as,(2),意群阅读法,意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解。,(2)意群阅读法 意群阅读法即把意义和语法结,分析：,是状语从句，,是主句，,是,with,引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为,3,个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。,When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other,，,an unbelted,driver would meet the windshield,with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.,分析：是状语从句，是主句，是with引导的介词短语,1.,句子信息量大，结构复杂，附加成,分多（几种从句同时出现）,2.,分隔现象普遍（主谓分隔、同位语,分隔、定语分隔等）,3.,省略现象,四、长难句的几个特点,这些都增加了阅读的难度。因此在回归语篇复习时，要运用所学知识去突破英语阅读中的长难句。,1.句子信息量大，结构复杂，附加成 四、长难句的几个特点,五、分析长难句的注意事项,1,、是否有同位语和插入语。,2,、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。,3,、替代词的所指对象。,4,、判断并列成分的层次。,5,、句首的并列连词,and,、,or,、,but,、,for,通常起承上启下的,作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。,6,、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。,7,、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时,又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语,从句时的结构分析。,8,、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、,短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词,语的修饰语。,五、分析长难句的注意事项1、是否有同位语和插入语。,六、长难句的分析实例,经典高考真题（,NMET2003.A,篇）实例分析，分析下面这篇文章共有,194,个单词，却只有,9,个句子，平均每个句子大约有,22,个单词，是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的文章。,六、长难句的分析实例 经典高考真题（NMET2003.,Tristan da Cunha,a 38-square-mile island,is the farthest inhabited island in the world,according to the Guinness Book of Records.It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St.Helena,and 1,950 miles west of Africa.Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(,葡萄牙海军上将,)of the same name in 1506,and settled in 1810,the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant islandis Easter Island,which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor,Pitcairn Island,and 2,300 miles west of South America.The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century,supposedly by people who were lost at s