,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,第三节 福斯特与印度之行,Edward Morgan Forster and A Passage to India,第三节 福斯特与印度之行 Edward Morgan F,1,一、生平与创作,Edward Morgan Forster，18791970,English author and critic,一、生平与创作Edward Morgan Forster，,2,A Brief Life：,born in London as the son of an architect,who died before his only child was two years old.,Forsters childhood and much of his adult life was dominated by his mother and his aunts.,A Brief Life：born in London a,3,Forster attended Kings College,Cambridge(1897-1901),where he met members of the later formed Bloomsbury group.In the atmosphere of skepticism,he shed his not very deep Christian faith.,Forster attended Kings Colleg,4,After graduating he travelled in Italy and Greece with his mother,and on his return began to write essays and short stories for the liberal Independent Review.,After graduating he travelled,5,In 1905 Foster spent several month in German as tutor to the children of the Countess von Armin.,In 1905 Foster spent several,6,Between the years 1912 and 1913 Forster travelled in India.From 1914 to 1915 he worked for the National Gallery in London.Following the outbreak of World War I,Forster joined the Red Cross and served in Alexandria,Egypt.,Between the years 1912 and 191,7,In 1921 Forster returned to India,working as a private secretary to the Maharajah（土邦主）of Dewas.The land was the scene of his masterwork A PASSAGE TO INDIA(1924),an account of India under British rule.,In 1921 Forster returned to In,8,the remaining 46 years of his life he devoted himself to other activities.Writing novels was not the most important element in his life.,the remaining 46 years of his,9,Forster contributed reviews and essays to numerous journals,most notably the Listener,he was an active member of PEN,in 1934 he became the first president of the National Council for Civil Liberties,and after his mothers death in 1945,he was elected an honorary fellow of Kings and lived there for the remainder of his life.Forster died on June 7,1970.,Forster contributed reviews an,10,Writings,小说：天使不敢涉足的地方（Where Angles Fear to Tread,1905）、最漫长的旅行（The Longest Journey,1907）、看得见风景的房间（A Room With a View,1908）、同性恋小说莫里斯（Maurice,1914年完成，但是根据作者的要求，在他去世后的1971年才出版）、霍华德别业（Howards End,1910）、印度之行（A Passage to India，1924）等。,文学评论：小说面面观(Aspects of the Novel,1927),Writings小说：天使不敢涉足的地方（Where A,11,天使不敢涉足的地方（Where Angles Fear to Tread,1905）,提名借用18世纪英国诗人蒲柏的一句诗：“蠢人们闯进了天使不敢涉足的地方”。,莉莉、吉诺、赫里顿夫人、菲立普和哈里特,描写了性格开朗、无拘无束的吉诺所代表的意大利民族性格和骄横傲慢、偏狭保守的赫里顿夫人所代表的英国中产阶级性格之间的冲突。莉莉、菲立普和哈里特像“蠢人”一样闯进了意大利，结果以失败告终.,两种生活观念、两种文化性格的联接。,天使不敢涉足的地方（Where Angles Fear,12,霍华德别业（Howards End,1910），The novel established Forsters reputation,It was a story that centered on an English country house and dealt with the clash between two families,one interested in art and literature,the other only in business.,在商人和知识分子之间试图实现联结。,霍华德别业（Howards End,1910），The,13,英国著名文学家、批评家利维斯认为，这两个阶层的联结不仅是不真实的，也是不可能的。他称这部小说是“对知识分子的背叛”。,D.H.劳伦斯在读了这部小说后写信给福斯特，说道：“你的确犯了一个几乎致命的错误，在霍华德别业中美化那些商人。商业不好。”,英国著名文学家、批评家利维斯认为，这两个阶层的联结不仅是不真,14,二、印度之行（A Passage to India）,A Passage to India(1924)was his best story.,二、印度之行（A Passage to India）A,15,（一）、福斯特与印度,两次出游印度的纪录(1912-1913、1921）。,印度穆斯林学生马苏德(Syed Ross Masood)，英人莫尼森(Theodore Morison),（一）、福斯特与印度,16,（二）情节（Plot Summary),背景：Chandrapore（昌德拉普）,Adela Quested（艾德拉奎斯特）、Mrs Moore（莫尔夫人）、Ronny Heaslop（罗尼希斯洛甫）、Aziz（艾席思）、Marabar Caves（玛拉巴岩洞）、Fielding（菲尔丁）,Adela asks Azis,“Have you one wife or more than one?”and he is shocked.“But to ask an educated Indian Moslem how many wive he has-appalling,hideous（令人惊骇的）!,（二）情节（Plot Summary),17,（三）联结思想及其文化意义,题目借用美国诗人惠特曼(Walt Whitman)1817年发表的印度之行：,啊 这是通往印度之路,哦 灵魂 你可看出这是上帝的意图,世界不分南北东西,应当由网络将它联成一体,所有的民族 所有的国家,应当相互联姻缔结家庭,大海不再将大陆隔绝,遥远的国土将紧密焊接,科学家 工程师 探险者正以上帝的名义,前赴后继 取得辉煌的成绩,各个国家 各个地区在你面前欢舞歌唱,宛如手拉手的新娘新郎,（三）联结思想及其文化意义 题目借用美国诗人惠特曼(Walt,18,四海之内皆兄弟,莫尔夫人：“印度是地球的一部分,上帝叫我们到地球上来,就是为了要我们彼此愉快的。上帝就是爱”。,菲尔丁：“世界是由人构成的一个整体,这些人都应致力于彼此接近和了解。如果大家都怀有善意,再加上点文化知识,就可以做到彼此接近与了解”。,艾席思：“菲尔丁,世界上没有人能理解我们印度人是多么需要仁慈与同情,连我们自己也意识不到这种需要是多么的强烈”,四海之内皆兄弟 莫尔夫人：“印度是地球的一部分,上帝叫我们,19,福斯特意欲把印度之行作为寻求世间的博爱和人类和谐一致的灵魂之旅、精神历程,然而,最终发现:人类社会难以避免的命运是“一个永恒的不断分裂与不断调和的过程”。,以追求联结为初始目的的小说中，分裂与隔膜却成为了贯穿整部小说的一个基本主题。,福斯特意欲把印度之行作为寻求世间的博爱和人类和谐一致的灵,20,分裂与隔膜,1.首先表现在印度的英国人和印度本土居民之间的分裂。这二者难以联结的根本障碍是政治。,罗尼希思罗普：“我们到这儿来的目的不是为了行为亲善!”(69页)“我们到这儿是为了执行正义、维持秩序。”,玛布莱德太太：“我们唯一的办法就是冷淡他们,对他们不要客气。”,凯林德太太：“我们对一个土著所能做的最好的事就是让他去死。”,分裂与隔膜 1.首先表现在印度的英国人和印度本土居民之间的分,21,“搭桥聚会”(Bridge Party),“当网球赛开始,障碍变得更加不可逾越。本来打算在东西方之间进行混合双打,但这都被忘得一干二净。整个场地完全被俱乐部的成员所垄断。”,特顿夫人：“总之，你比她们优越。不要忘记这一点。除了一两个印度王妃外，你比印度的所有人都优秀。”,“搭桥聚会”(Bridge Party),22,“在印度人和英国人之间建立私人关系几乎是不可能的。”,Aziz：We may hate one another,but we hate you most.If I dont make you go,Ahmed will,Karim will,if its fifty-hundred years we shall get rid of you;yes,we shall drive every blasted Englishman into the sea,and then-he rode against him furiously-and then,he concluded,half kissing him,you and I shall be friends.,“在印度人和英国人之间建立私人关系几乎是不可能的。”Aziz,23,2表现在英国人之间的分裂上。,3.表现在印度人不同教派的人之间的对立上。,“宗教印度”,以艾席思这个艺术形象为代表的印度穆斯林,对于其他宗教特别是印度教,有一种无处不在的文化隔膜。,2表现在英国人之间的分裂上。,24,4表现在文