,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,初三英语复习,名词,Nouns,名 词,表示人、事物、地点的名称或者抽象概念的词 分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词,表示个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称。专有名词,第一个字母要大写,*,Lucy,*China,*the Summer Palace,普通名词,分为可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词,表示人、事物、地点等的名称。,可数名词有单数和复数两种形式之分,名词的单数,形式,一般,可用,a,来修饰,*,a,car *,a,book,在,元音发音,开头的单词前用,an,*,an,elephant,*,an,apple,请区别：,a useful,machine,名词的复数形式,1.,复数形式的构成方法,(1),一般在复数名词后加,“,s,”,/s/,or,/z/,*,dog,dog,s,*,book,book,s,(2),以,s,、,x,、,ch,、,sh,结尾的名词加,“,es,”,/iz/,*box,box,es,*watch,watch,es,(3),以辅音字母加,y,结尾的名词,变,y,为,i,加,“,es,”,/iz/,*countr,y,countr,ies,*factor,y,factor,ies,请区别：如果是元音字母加,y,结尾的名词则只须加,“,s,”,*boy,boy,s,*monkey,monkey,s,(4),以,o,结尾的名词加,“,s,”,/z/,*radio,radio,s,*zoo,zoo,s,只有,potato tomato,加,“,es,”,构成复数,potato,potato,es,tomato,tomato,es,(5),以,f,、,fe,结尾的名词,变,f,、,fe,为,v,再加,“,es,”,/vz/,*hal,f,hal,ves,*shel,f,shel,ves,*kni,fe,kni,ves,*lea,f,lea,ves,2.,特殊变化的单词,(1),单复数同形,Chinese,Chinese fish,fish,Japanese,Japanese sheep,sheep,(2),变元音字母,oo,为,ee,t,oo,th,t,ee,th f,oo,t,f,ee,t,3.,变,m,a,n,为,m,e,n,m,a,n,m,e,n wom,a,n,wom,e,n,policem,a,n,policem,e,n,Frenchm,a,n,Frenchm,e,n,请区别：,German,(,德国人,),German,s,4,.,其它形式,child,children,mouse,mice,5.,一些合成名词的复数构成分两种情况,(1),将中心词变为复数,girlfriend,girl,friends,grandchild,grand,children,(2),man,woman,构成的合成词，每个名词都要变成复数,a man doctor m,e,n doctor,s,a woman teacher wom,e,n teacher,s,6.,常以复数形式出现的名词,people clothes police,trousers glasses,这些名词作主语时，注意它们的谓语用复数,*,My clothes,are,newer than yours.,*The police often,come,here.,7.,可用,how many,，,many,，,a few,，,few,，,any,，,lots of,some,，,a lot of,等修饰可数名词复数,*,There are,a few,people,in the park.,*,How many,knives,are there in your pencil-box?,不可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词如,:water,，,rice,，,fish,，,meat,等。,特别记住：,work chalk time space music,money weather cotton homework,wood information news medicine,1.,不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数,*Some bread,is,over there.,*No news,is,good news.,2.,常用,how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any,等来修饰不可数名词,*They had,much,money.,*He does,little,housework at home.,3.,常用,a piece of,a cup of,a glass of,a bottle of,等来表示不可数名词的量,单复数表现在,of,前面的名词上，而,of,后始终是单数,*,There is,a piece of,paper in the book.,*,Three glasses of,orange are on the desk.,注意：,可数名词也可用量来表示，,of,后用复数,*,There are,two bags,of,clothes,over there.,*We have,five boxes,of,apples,.,4.,有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情,况下可相互转化，同一个词，但意思不同,(1),glass,(,玻璃,),a glass,(,玻璃杯,),paper,(,纸,),a paper,(,报纸,),work,(,工作,),a work,(,著作,),room,(,空间,),a room,(,房间,),(2),fruit,(,水果,),fruits,(,各种水果,),fish,(,鱼,),fishes,(,各种鱼,),hair,(,所有头发,),hairs,(,几根头发,),time,(,时间,),times,(,时代,),名词的一般用法,名词做定语,1.,修饰另一名词时,一般用单数,*,He has two,pencil,-boxes.,*There are three,banana,trees over there.,2.,man woman,用做定语时,应与后面的名词保持数的一致,*,We need,a man teacher,.,*They are all,women workers,.,3.,sports,clothes,做定语时,仍用复数形式,*,a,sports,field *a,clothes,shop,4.,当数词与单位名词一起做定语时，单位名词往往用单数形式,数词与单位名词用,“,-,”,连接。,*,He is a,fourteen-year-old,boy.,*This is a,two-hour,plan.,名词做主语时,应注意名词的数，避免主谓不一致。,*,Her family,is,a large one,and her family,are,all,teachers,.,她家是一个大家庭,她的家人都是老师。,*,There,is,a pair of glasses,on the desk.,桌上有一副眼镜,名词所有格,表示名词间的所有关系,“,的,”,一,.,名词所有格的构成方法,1.,单数名词后加,“,s,”,*Tom,s,book *my friend,s,uncle,2.,以,s,结尾的复数名词,则在,s,后加,“,”,即可,*,Teachers,Day *two weeks,holiday,3.,不以,s,结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加,“,s,”,*Children,s,Day *men,s,shoes,4.,用,of,加名词，构成所属关系的短语，主要用于表示无生命名词的所有关系,*,the color,of,the,wall,*a picture,of,the,classroom,二,.,名词所有格的几个注意点,1.,可用名词所有格表示地点,地点名词习惯上省略,*,my,aunts,(,home,）,(,我姑姑家）,*,go to the,teachers,(,office,）,(,去老师办公室）,2.,有些名词的所有格可用两种形式,*,the cats name/the name of the cat,*Chinas capital/the capital of,China,3.,表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加,“,s,”,*Lucy and Lily,s,room,露西和莉莉的房间（两人共有一间房间）,请区别,:,Lucy,s,and Lily,s,rooms,露西的房间和莉莉的房间,（两人各有一间房间）,Article,冠词,冠 词,虚词，本身无独立的意义，它用来帮助说明名词所指的人或物是泛指还是特指,不定冠词,a,an,（泛指）,定冠词,the,（特指）,1.,不定冠词的用法,1),表示某人,(,事物,),的某一种类,*,My father is,a,driver.,*Do you like,an,apple or,a,pear?,2),表示某一事物中的任何一个,*,An elephant is bigger than a horse.,*A monkey can climb trees.,3),表示某人某物,但不具体说明何人何物。,*,A,student,from Class Two runs fastest.,*,A,man,is calling now.,4),表示数量，有,“,一,”,的含义,*,There is,a flower,in the vase.,*A panda has,a mouth,a nose,，,two eyes,.,5),有些不可数名词要表示,“,一种,”,、,“,一场,”,、,“,一堆,”,时，须加不定冠词,*,a,heavy snow *,a,strong wind,*make,a,fire *have,a,good time,6),用于固定词组,*,half,an,hour *,a,moment ago*,a,lot of,*have,a,rest *,a,little a few *,a,pair if,2.,定冠词的用法,1),指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词,the,2),世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词,the,*,the,sun *,the,moon *,the,earth,3),定冠词,the,用于序数词前或表示方位的名词前和形容词最高级前,*,the,first,*,the,best,*in,the,south,4),乐器名称前用定冠词,the,*play,the,piano *play,the,violin,5),在复数姓氏前加,the,，表示,一家人，常看成复数,*,The Browns,are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.,=,The Brown family,are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.,6),在一些形容词前，表示一类人,*,the rich,富人,*,the old,老人,*,the deaf,聋子,在一些专有名词和习惯用语中常用定冠词,the,*,the,Great Wall *by,the,way,*in,the,morning *on,the,right,*behind,the,chair *all,the,time,3.,不用冠词,1),在节日、星期、月份、季节、年、学科等词前不用冠词,*,in summer *in August,*on Sunday *study physics,请区别：,in,the,spring of 1945,(,特指,加,the,),2),一日三餐和球类运动名词前不用冠词,*,have br