按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,第五章,段落的英译与常用技巧,5.1 逻辑、层次与重复词语的处理,生活中充满了危险，但我们并不一定把这些危险都想得很清楚。当我们第一次登上飞机的时候，我们害怕它掉下来，尽管人家向我们保证飞机是有史以来最平安的旅行工具。然而当我们坐上汽车的时候，我们往往并不担忧，虽然汽车比飞机要危险得多。在一定程度上，这是很自然的，我们往往惧怕陌生的东西。为了查清我们在各种各样情况下会遇到多少危险并帮助我们做出明智的决定，一门被称为风险估测的新的科学已经形成。它的目的当然是将风险减少到最低限度。举例说，风险估测已经运用到能源使用的研究上。乍一想，原子能会构成巨大的危险，因为万一发生意外，谁也逃避不了它的放射线。然而，几乎所有的能源使用形式都不可防止地带有危险。燃烧矿物燃料会产生大量的有毒气体，而这一点却常常被忽略了。仔细研究之后，你就可能不肯让燃煤电厂建在你家附近，就像不可能让核反响堆建在你家附近一样。,Life is full of danger.However,we are not aware of its potential dangers.When we get on board a plane,we are afraid that the plane might drop,although they assure us that the plane has been the safest transportation in history.However,when we get in a car or a passenger bus,we are not afraid although the car or passenger bus is more dangerous than the plane.To some extent,this is natural,for we are often afraid of what we are not familiar with.In order to investigate how many dangers we may encounter under various circumstances and help us to make sensible decisions,a new science called risk estimation has come into being.It of course aims at reducing risks to minimum.For example,risk estimation has been applied to energy utilization research.,On a sudden thought,utilization of atomic energy may involve enormous potential risks,because if an unexpected accident should occur,no one could be spared of its radiation rays.However,almost any form of energy utilization may be inevitably accompanied by risks.Burning of fossil fuel will produce a large quantity of toxic gas.But this danger often does not attract our attention.Through careful inquiry,you may not let a coal burning power station to be built near your home the same way you may not like a nuclear reactor to be built in your neighborhood.,本段的结构是，以主题句开头，用例证予以衬托。过渡到阐述对风险要做出明智的决定这个主题时，再次以例证衬托。本段虽出现两个主题，但层层推进，从意识危险推进到要科学地预测危险，因而主次清楚，两个层次有机的连在一起，逻辑关系十分清楚。为准确翻译出原文的层次性、逻辑性，译文根据英语的行文特点，使用了大量的连词，例如however、although，一些词组结构，如for example、to some extent等，同义词、近义词、代词等，使句内与句间的各个成分在语义和语法两个层面上互相照应，表达出英语译文的逻辑性。,时下，在北京的图书馆、博物馆甚至书店里，经常有一些大大小小不同类型的文化讲座。这些讲座，小而言之，只是一次次知识的宣讲，大而言之，那么是先进文化的传播。在这方面，中国现代文学馆组织的周末义务讲座无疑是开风气之先、具有示范作用的。这里，一时间竟出现了作家学者主动报名讲演，听者以能占有一席之地为荣的局面。可以相信，当越来越多的人自觉进入求学殿堂之时，就是我国国民素质快速提升之日。,At present,in libraries,museums or even bookstores in Beijing,there are often culture lectures on different scales and of varied sizes.These lectures,in practical terms,are repeated knowledge impartations.In theoretical terms,they are cases of advanced culture propagations.Of the lectures,the weekend free lecture series organized by China Modern Literary Museum are of pioneering and modeling significance.Here,many writers and scholars volunteer to be entered for opportunities to give lectures while the audience is honored when given a seat.We are convinced that when more and more people are willing to be enrolled on such educational programs,the quality of our citizens will be greatly enhanced.,这段文字报道了中国现代文学馆组织的周末义务讲座及其意义。在阐述这些讲座的意义时，作者使用了“小而言之、“大而言之和“可以相信等信号词语，使本段表达层次清楚，逻辑关系清晰。译文考虑了原文在逻辑与层次上的特点，根本上译出了原文点面结合、层次清楚的结构，同时根据英语的行文习惯，适当地增加了衔接手段。同时考虑到英语的逻辑性，用介词短语in practical terms和in theoretical terms使该段不但各句子成分之间而且各句之间相互衔接，到达了与原文近似相等的逻辑层次。,杭州市属七个县境内，北有超山，西有天目山，溯钱塘江而上，有富阳鹤山，桐庐瑶林仙境，桐君山和严子陵钓台，建德灵栖三洞，新安江“千岛湖等名胜，形成一个以西湖为中心的广阔旅游区。,The beauty spots in the seven nearby counties form a vast area for tourists with West Lake at its centre.To the north of Hangzhou stands the Chao Hill,and to the west Mt.Tianmu.Coming up to Qiantang River one finds oneself at Stork Hill in Fuyang County.Nearby in Tonglu County are the Yaolin Wonderland,the Tongjun Hill and Terrace where Yang Ziling,a hermit of the Eastern Han Dynasty(25-220),loved to go angling by the Fuchun River.Jiande County boasts of the three Linqi Caves and the Thousand-Islet Lake at the source of the Xinanjiang River.,原文段落包含总分结构，现分别描述西湖周围的旅游资源，后提出段落主题“形成一个以西湖为中心的广阔旅游区。逻辑关系和层次十分清晰，读者也一目了然。而译文那么将原文结尾局部提前，将“The beauty spots in the seven nearby counties form a vast area for tourists with West Lake at its centre置于段落开头。也就是把先分后总的典型的汉语逻辑关系的段落结构改成符合英文习惯的先总起、后分说的逻辑关系的段落结构。这种处理方式能够突出主题句，令读者对段落的逻辑关系、层次结构以及信息内容一目了然，从而取得了与原文功能相似的效果。,雨后，院里来了个麻雀，刚长全了羽毛。它在院里跳，有时飞一下，不过是由地上飞到花盆沿上，或由花盆上飞下来。看它这么飞了两三次，我看出来：它并不会飞得再高一些。它的左翅的几根长翎拧在一处，有一根特别的长，似乎要脱落下来。我试着往前凑，它跳一跳，可是又停住，看着我，小黑豆眼带出点要亲近我又不完全信任的神气。我想到了：这是个熟鸟，也许是自幼便养在笼中的。所以它不十分怕人。可是它的左翅也许是被养着它的或别个孩子给扯坏，所以它爱人，又不完全信任。想到这个，我突然的很难过。一个飞禽失去翅膀是多么可怜。这个小鸟离了人恐怕不会活，可是人又那么狠心，伤了它的翎羽。朱自清?小麻雀?,As soon as the rain stopped,a little sparrow,almost full-fledged,flew into the courtyard.It hopped,fluttered,darting up to the edge of flower pots and back to the ground again.Watching it move up and down a couple of times,I realized that it could not fly any higher as the plumes on its left wing had got twisted with one sticking out as if about to come off.When I made an attempt to move closer,it jumped off a bit and stopped again,staring back at me with its small,black and bean-like eyes that had a mixed look of wanting to be friends with me and not being certain that I was