单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,新,TOEFL,写作(,1,),新,TOEFL,作文考试概要,在新,TOEFL,中,听说读写这四项技能各占总分的四分之一,写作分成两部分:,INTEGRATED WRITING(,综合性写作,),和,INDEPENDENT WRITING(,独立写作,),,其中综合性写作部分表现为听后感和读后感,应该说这是客观衡量考生实际英语写作水平的一项有力举措。如何在独立写作部分获得高分是本课程的主要任务。,此例足以说明考前练习写作的总要性,同时也阐明了作文成绩合格的必要性。作文在,TOEFL,考试中的战略意义在已经实行机考,CBT(Computer,Based Test),的考区尤为重要。目前,包括欧美在内的全球绝大部分考区都采用,CBT,方式,在这种考试中,考生的作文成绩将不再单独列出,所以绝不会再存在某君,TWE,只有,4,分,,TOEFL,却得了满分的现象。作文计入总分后,所占比重达到总分的近五分之一。,就以前的,PBT(Paper,Based Test),而言,,ETS,的统计数据表明,中国考区历年考试中都有近三分之一考生得不到,4,分。这些分数不足,4,分的人,还可细分为四类人:,1,知识欠缺,非天才而又不努力的初中生;,2,努力不足的高中生;,3,不努力的大学生或更高学历者;,4,多年不接触英语又努力不足的工作人士(含所有学历者)。,写作概要与要点分析,TOEFL,作文既,TWE(Test of Written English),,自,1987,年开始加入到,TOEFL,考试中,,算作考试一部分,以增强该考试考察学生英语水平的程度。多数大学随即对考生作出,TWE,分数的要求,普通文理科的标准为至少,4,分,该标准也随专业和学校不同有所区别,名校和偏向文科类的专业要求更高些,一般为,5,分,也有要求,3,分或,3.5,分的,比如艺术类研究生,澳大利亚,加拿大很多本科专业。当然也有不做任何要求的,具体到同学们要报考的学校的需求,建议到欲报考学校的网站上查询确证。目前已经在我国实行的,TOEFL IBT,考试中,写作已经成为总分中必不可少的一部分,分值为,30,分,占总分,120,的四分之一。,时间:写作部分被安排在,iBT,的第四部分,也就是整场考试的最后,50,分钟进行,工具:,iBT,作文部分可以选择笔答和键盘录入两种选择。若参加机考则有笔答和键盘输入两种选择,打字速度慢者可以用铅笔完成,只不过因为作文卷需要邮寄所以获得分数的时间要比键盘输入者晚两周。,字数:新,TOEFL,作文没有明确规定考生应该写多少单词,但经验表明,200,词以下的文章很难达到,4,分的及格线,一般文章要写到,250,词左右,好文章字数一般在,300350,词左右,此标准需经过训练方能达到。写作时字数多少无法细数,要从篇幅上判断,正常情况每行写,1012,个单词,每行超过,14,词或少于,8,词都不合适,这样答卷纸正面写满一般在,230,词上下,反面再写一般就有,300,多个单词了。,文体:正规书面文体,绝对不可使用像,Its,Ill,等非正规文体的表达,也不可使用类似,dorm,pro,等口语中的词汇,学习,TOEFL,期间要注意尽量不用,TOEFL,听力中的俗语,俚语,而应该注意模仿,TOEFL,阅读中的遣词造句。,题目:对笔考而言,作文题目每次必换,偶尔有类似但绝不重复。机考的作文题目事先给出,见于报考时发放的小册子内,题目定期更新,最新题目可以在,ETS,官方网站上下载(,www.toefl.org,),作文题库总数量目前是,200,多个,考试时随机选中一个,猜中题目的概率小于,1%,。,评分标准,请事先阅读,ETS,在考生须知中给出的中英文版评分标准。,Score:5,An essay at this level largely accomplishes all the following:,Effectively addresses the topic and task,Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplifications,and/or details,Displays unity,progression,and coherence,Displays consistent facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety,appropriate word choice,and,indiomaticity,though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.,这个档次的短文大致上完成了下面任务:,有效切题或解决了任务,主旨结构有序,使用清晰合适的解释,例证和,/,或细节,表现出整体统一性,渐进和前后一致,表现出稳定的语言应用能力,句式多样性,合理选词和使用成语,尽管可能有小的词汇或语法错误,Score:4,An essay at this level largely accomplishes all the following:,Addresses the topic and task well,though some points may not be fully elaborated,Is generally well organized and well developed,using appropriate and sufficient explanations,exemplifications,and/or details,Displays unity,progression,and coherence,though it may contain occasional redundancy,digression,or unclear connections,Displays facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary,though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure,word from,or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning,这个档次的短文大致上完成了下面任务:,很好地切题和解决了任务,尽管有些点没有充分展开,组织结构较好,使用合适和充分的解释,例证和,/,或细节,表现出统一性,渐进和前后一致,尽管偶尔有些多余,离题或不清晰的联系,表现出语言应用能力,表现出句法多样性和相当词汇量,尽管偶尔有明显结构上、词形或使用成语与要表达意思不相干等小错误,Score:3,An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:,Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations,exemplifications,and/or details,Displays unity,progression,and coherence,though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured,May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning,May display accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary,这个层次的短文以下面一个或多个为特征:,使用一些解释,例证和,/,或细节来解决题目或任务,表现出统一性,渐进和前后一致,尽管意思衔接偶尔不明晰,表现出在句式形式和选词上缺乏清晰度或偶尔意思模糊,表现出精确但有限的句式结构和词汇,Score:2,An essay at this level may reveal one or more of the following weaknesses:,Limited development in response to the topic and task,Inadequate organization or connection of ideas,inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications,explanations,or details to support or illustrate generalizations in response to the task,A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms,An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage,这个档次的短文可能有下面一个或多个弱点:,不能很好切题或解决任务,结构不充分或意思连接不畅通,用来阐释结论的例证,解释或细节不合适或不充分,明显的选词不当或词形选择有错误,积累多个句子结构或句式应用上的错误,Score:1,An essay at this level is seriously flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:,Serious disorganization or underdevelopment,Little or no detail,or irrelevant specifics,or questionable responsiveness to the task,Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage,这个档次的短文严重有缺陷因为下面一个或多个弱点:,严重的结构不清晰,文章没有展开,很少或没有细节或无关细节,或者对问题回答值得置疑,严重且经常出现的句子结构和句式应用错误,Score:0,An essay at this level merely copies words from the topic,rejects the topic,or is otherwise not connected to the topic,is written in a foreign language,consists of keystroke characters or is blank.,这个档次的短文仅从题目中复制词汇,或排斥题目,或者与题目无关,以外语写作,有些键入的字符或者是空白的。,三、,15,分文章范文,范文题目,:,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?,Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship.,Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer,试题分析:,这个题目支持很多种写法:有些作者会反对这个观点,并通过描述那些需要说谎的场合来证明,-,这些