,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,Medical Biology,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,第十一章 克隆与医学,Clone and Medicine,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,第二节 克隆技术与原理,principle and technology,第三节 动物克隆技术的应用前景,Application,of,Cloning,11/15/2024,1,Medical Biology,第十一章 克隆与医学Clone and Medicine,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,what is Cloning,A“clone”is a copy of something.,Computers that mimic IBMs are called“clones.”,In genetics,a clone is a genetic copy of another organism.,Clones occur naturally:,Asexual breeding in plants&lower animals,Identical twins(triplets)in higher animals,11/15/2024,2,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史 A Brief History,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,what is Cloning,Clones occur naturally,11/15/2024,3,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History,Cloning is to make a genetically identicalorganism through non-sexual means.,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,what is,Cloning,11/15/2024,4,Medical Biology,Cloning is to make a genetical,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,what is Cloning,Natural non-sex,Clones occur naturally,in plants and lower animals:,11/15/2024,5,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,what is Cloning,For centuries it has been known that simple animals worms&starfish can be cloned by cutting them in half.,This doesnt work for higher animals!,Part of the problem is cell specialization:,Nerve,Bone,Muscle,etc.,11/15/2024,6,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,Cloning in the 20,th,Century,We now realize that each specialized cell has all the genetic information,but much of it is turned off.,Problem how to reset the“program”so this information is usable?,Cloning of frogs successful in 1950s,Cloning of livestock from fetal cells in 1970s,11/15/2024,7,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史 A Brief History,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,Dolly-1996,Clone from an adult sheep cell by Scots researchers under Ian Wilmut,Had only one success in 300 tries.,Dolly grew to maturity,and successfully had a lamb by natural means in 1998.,But Dolly seems to be prematurely old.,11/15/2024,8,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History,Dolly,1996,11/15/2024,9,Medical Biology,Dolly9/29/20239Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,Cloning since Dolly,Cloning of this sort has now been done on cattle,pigs and mice also.,The success rate has improved considerably.,Cloning humans begins to show up in science fiction in 1970s.,This is now a realistic possibility.,11/15/2024,10,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,Cloning since Dolly,These female pigs are also cloned.2001.,Five genetically identical cloned pigs.,11/15/2024,11,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史 A Brief History,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,Cloning since Dolly,The pair of calves were born.1998,11/15/2024,12,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,Cloning since Dolly,The worlds first cloned cat.2002,11/15/2024,13,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史 A Brief History,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,Cloning since Dolly,CC and Rainbow,the donor of CCs genetic material,11/15/2024,14,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史A Brief History,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史,A Brief History of Cloning,Cloning since Dolly,The mule in the picture is the worlds first cloned mule.2003.,11/15/2024,15,Medical Biology,第一节 克隆的概念及发展史 A Brief Histor,Types of cloning,Reproductive cloning-,Therapeutic cloning-,第二节 克隆技术与原理,Principle and technology,11/15/2024,16,Medical Biology,Types of cloning Reproduc,第二节 克隆技术与原理 Principle and technology,Other types of cloning,Single cell organisms,like bacteria and fungi.This includes fermentation processes for production of bread,beer,and wine.,Entire plant asexual replication,Natural cloning occurs in sexual reproduction,when the embryo splits in two to produce twins.,11/15/2024,17,Medical Biology,第二节 克隆技术与原理 Principle and tec,第二节 克隆技术与原理 Principle and technology,Cells of higher animals(mammals)are,much more specialized than plant cells or,lower animals.,Therefore,much more difficult to change,them to become unspecialized for cloning.,11/15/2024,18,Medical Biology,第二节 克隆技术与原理 Principle and tec,第二节 克隆技术与原理Principle and technology,多莉的产生How Dolly was cloned?,In 1997 Dolly the sheep became the first vertebrate cloned from the cell of an adult animal.Not only was this a remarkable scientific breakthrough but it immediately gained interest and concern from around the world on the future of cloning technology as it would effect humans.,11/15/2024,19,Medical Biology,第二节 克隆技术与原理Principle and tech,第二节 克隆技术与原理 Principle and technology,多莉的产生,How Dolly was cloned?,11/15/2024,20,Medical Biology,第二节 克隆技术与原理 Principle and tec,第二节 克隆技术与原理Principle and technology,多莉的产生,How Dolly was cloned?,11/15/2024,21,Medical Biology,第二节 克隆技术与原理Principle and tech,第二节 克隆技术与原理Principle and technology,多莉的产生How Dolly was cloned?,11/15/2024,22,Medical Biology,第二节 克隆技术与原理Principl