单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,CHAPTER 10 GATT and WTO,GATT,WTO,China and WTO,1 GATT,1.The origination of the GATT,2.The GATTs activities:eight trade negotiation,“Rounds,3.The Uruguay Round of trade negotiations,4.Two GATTs,5.WTO vs.GATT:main differences,The origination of the GATT,Create a third institution to handle the trade side of international economic cooperation,joining the two,“Bretton Woods institutions,the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.,Over 50 countries negotiated to create an International,Trade Organization(ITO)as a specialized agency of the United Nations.,Draft ITO Charter was ambitious,broad areas.,Aim-Create the ITO at a UN Conference on Trade and,Employment in Havana,Cuba in 1947.,Meanwhile,15 countries began talks in Dec.1945 to reduce and bind customs tariffs.,A deal on 45,000 tariff concessions was signed by 23 countries on 30 October 1947.,The tariff concessions came into effect by 30 June 1948 through a“Protocol of Provisional Application.,So the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was born,with 23 founding members(officially“contracting parties).,The,ITO Charter,was finally agreed in Havana in,March 1948,but ratification in some national legislatures proved impossible.,The most serious,opposition,was in the,US Congress,even though the US government had been one of the driving forces.,In 1950,the United States government announced that it would not seek Congressional ratification of the Havana Charter,and the,ITO was effectively dead,.,So,the GATT became the only,multilateral instrument governing international trade,from 1948 until the WTO was established in 1995.,2.The GATTs activities:eight trade negotiation“Rounds,The first five rounds of trade negotiations(1947-1961),Some multilateral tariff reductions were achieved.,(2)The Kennedy Round of trade negotiations(1964-67),The,United States,led the way into a new round of negotiations from 1964 to 1967.,Tariffs on,manufactured products,were reduced by an average of,35%.,Little progress,was achieved in reducing barriers on,agricultural products,.,Little was done to ease,non-tariff barriers,.,(3)The Tokyo Round of trade negotiations(1973-79),It continued to reduce tariffs,bringing the average tariff on,industrial products down to 4.7%.,A series of agreements on non-tariff barriers did emerge from the negotiations,in some cases interpreting existing GATT rules,in others breaking entirely new ground.,It failed to come to grip with the fundamental problems affecting farm trade and also stopped short of providing a modified agreement on“safeguards(emergency import measures).,3.The Uruguay Round of trade negotiations(1986-94),Problems 1:,GATTs credibility and effectiveness were undermined:,Governments in Western Europe and North America seek bilateral,market-sharing arrangements with competitors and embark on a,subsidies race to maintain their holds on,agricultural trade,.,Problem 2:,GATT had been found wanting(,欠缺的,).,It was clearly no longer,as relevant to the realities of world trade as it had been in the 1940s.,Little success in liberalizing,agricultural,trade;,Trade in textiles and clothing,was an exception to GATTs,normal disciplines;,GATTs,institutional structure,and its,dispute settlement system,were causing concern.,Only deal with trade in,goods,.,The Uruguay Round experienced two phases:,The first four years,1986,1990,(,15 groups),Tariffs;,NTBs,;,Tropical products;,Natural resource-based products;,Textiles and clothing;,Agriculture;,Safeguards;,Subsidies and countervailing duties;,Trade-related intellectual property restrictions;,Trade-related investment restrictions;,Services.,Four other areas dealing with GATT itself.,The United States,initially proposed a,10 year,phaseout,of all subsidies,that affect agricultural trade and of all agricultural import barriers.,But,the EU wanted to go more slowly,and to moderate the,extent of reduction in agriculture support.,By 1990,the,wide disparity(,不一致,),in subsequent proposals overshadowed all other aspects of the negotiations,and the four year effort had seemingly ended with no signed agreement on the liberalization of trade.,(2)Continued negotiations lead to success,1993,EC agricultural support program that harmed U.S.exports of oilseeds.In retaliation for the EC,subsidy,the U.S.,threatened,to impose,200%tariffs,on EC exports to the U.S.($300 million).,An accord,was eventually,reached,by which the oilseeds export subsidies were to be reduced,36%by value,and,21%by quantity,over a,six-year,period.,This positive development then set off activity to work again on many other aspects of the Uruguay Round.,Finally,after intense discussions,the,117,participating countries in the Uruguay Round reached agreement on,December 15,1993,and the,signing,took place on,April 15,1994,in,Marakech,Morocco.,After ratification by participating countries,the agreement,took effect on January 1,1995,.,(3)Provisions of the Uruguay Round Agreement,Tariffs,on average were,cut,by 34%.,T