单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,与结构,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子,的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？！,I am a teacher.,Are you a student?,How beautiful the girl is!,句子成分,概述,:,一个句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分,.,句子成分有,主语,(Subject),、,谓语,(Predicate),、,宾语,（,object,）,表语,(Predicative),、,定语,(Attribute),和,状语,(Adverbial).,e.g,.,The taxi-driver,shouted at,me,angrily.,状语,谓,语,句子除了上述几种基本成分外,还有,补足语,，,同位,语,或一些独立成分,如插入语、呼语和感叹语等,.,主语,e.g.,Sandy,be quick.,呼语,Oh,my God!,感叹语,Its too expensive,I think,.,插入语,We must,all,help to fight pollution.,同位语,1.,主语,主语是一个句子所叙述的主体一般由名词，代,?,词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般,在句首,a.,名词,Shanghai,is in the east of China.,Tom,works very hard.,b.,代词,I,bought a new book.,That,is a picture of our school.,Who,knows the answer?,c.,数词,Three,plus four is seven.,The first,is the best.,d.,动词不定式,To see,is to believe.,It,is important,to learn English,.,e.,动名词,Smoking,is harmful to the health.,f.,名词化的形容词或分词,The old,should be respected.,The disabled,will receive more money.,g.,主语从句,What he said,is not true.,It,is said,that nobody knows where he lives,.,形式主语,(Formal Subject),是代词,it,的一种用法,.,当,句子的主语是,动词不定式,、,动名词短语,或,从句,时,为使句子平衡,一般用,it,作形式主语放在句首,而,将真正的主语当在谓语动词之后,.,.,a.It+,谓语,+,动词不定式短语,It,is a good habit,to do morning exercises,.,It,is difficult for him,to give up smoking,.,b.It+,谓语,+,动名词短语,(,主要用在以,no,good/use,useless,worthwhile,dangerous,等词作表语的句子中,),It,is no use,learning without thinking.,.,It,is dangerous,playing with fire.,c.It+,谓语,+,名词性从句,(,真正的主语是,that,引,导的名词性从句,),It,is a pity,that you didnt come to the party.,It,is said,that nobody knows where he lives.,2.,谓语,?,谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简,单动词或者动词短语构成一般放在主语之后,.,He,is,a middle school student.,The new term,will begin,on the 1st of,September.,His novel,has been translated into,English.,3.,宾语,宾语是动作的,对象,，是动作的,承受者,.,由,名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句,充当,宾语常用于及物动词之后,称为,动词宾语,.,介词后面的名词或代词,称为,介词宾语,.,a.,名词,He lost,his parents,in his childhood.,b.,代词,(,人称代词用,宾格,),Everybody likes,her,.,c.,数词,-How many chairs do you want?,-I want,four,.,d.,名词化的形容词和分词,The doctor is operating on,the injured,.,e.,不定式,Id like,to have some coffee,.,I find,it,easy,to sing this song,.,f.,动名词,I havent finished,reading your book,yet.,g.,宾语从句,I think,you are right,.,I really dont know,what I should do next,.,I really dont know,what to do next.,(2),双宾语,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,:,直接宾语,(Direct Object),和,间接宾语,(Indirect Object),称为双宾语,.,这两个宾语往往一个指人,(,一般为,间接宾语,),另一个指物,(,一般为直接宾语,).,间,接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前,.,He gave,me,a book,.,直接宾语,间接宾语,有时为了强调间接宾语,也可将间接宾语后置,并在,其前加上介词,to,或,for.,He gave,a book,to,me,.,He bought,this book,for,me,.,注意,:,如果直接宾语是人称代词,则间接宾语必须后,置,并在其前加上介词,to,或,for.,Heres your report.Dont forget to show,it,to,your parents,.,(3),复合宾语,在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完,整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足,语才能表达完整的意思,宾语,+,宾语补足语叫,做复合宾语,(Complex Object).,4.,宾语补足语,用来补充说明宾语的动作、状态或特征,.,它,可由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定,式，现在分词和过去分词充当,His father named him,Johnny,.,Leave the door,open,.,We found John,out,when we arrived.,At last,he found him,in trouble,.,Mum asked,him,to buy some bread.,I can see,some students,playing basketball,.,注意,:,在,let,make,watch,see,hear,feel,等使役,动词和感观动词后,接不定式作宾补时,须省去不,定式符号,to.,We heard,him,sing,in the next room.,如复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词短语或从,句,常用,it,来代替宾语,将真正的宾语置于宾语补足,语之后,it,则被称为,形式宾语,.,We found,it,difficult,to solve this problem.,形式宾,语,宾语补足语,真正宾语,I think,it,necessary,that we should vote on it,.,形式宾语,宾语补足语,真正宾语,5.,表语：,?,表语,是用来说明主语的身份、特征或,状态的,即说明主语是什么，或者怎么,样，由,名词，形容词，副词，介词短,语，不定式，动名词，短语，,或者,从,句,充当,一般用在连系动词,be,或半系,动词如,become,look,turn,seem,appear,smell,等之后,I am,a teacher,.,The leaves turn,yellow,in autumn.,Everybody is,here,.,They are,at home,now.,My job is,to teach English,.,Seeing is,believing,.,The question is,why we should put off the,meeting.,6.,定语,定语用来修饰名词或代词,形容词，代词，数词，,名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句,都可以充当定语,Newton is a,famous,scientist.,Lets listen to the,weather,forecast first.,Our school is going to build a,swimming,pool.,The boy,standing under the tree,is his son.,The boy,in the room,is Jack.,I have no pen,to write with,.,The man,who is coming toward us,is my,English teacher.,7.,状语,用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明,动作发生的,地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条,件、让步、方向、程度、方式或伴随情况,的句子,成分,被称为状语。可充当状语的有,:,a.,副词,Who can write,beautifully,?,介词短语,b.,Were going to spend the holiday,at the,seaside.,He is writing,with a pen,.,分词短语,c.,Not knowing what to do,I decided to give up.,d.,不定式短语,His mother often comes,to see him,.,从句,e.,As soon as the teacher came in,all the,students stood up.,Because he was ill,he,didnt go to school,.,8.,同位语,在句子中,一个,名词,或,代词,或,相当于名词的短语,或从句,放在另一个名词或代词之后,用以说明它的,性质或情况,被称为同位语,.,a.,名词,This is my best friend,Tom,.,b.,代词,We,all,got a surprise.,c.,数词,This prize is for you,two,.,d.,从句,I had no idea,that you were here,.,句子成分练习：,一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：,1.,The students,got on the,school,bus.,2.He handed,me,the newspaper.,3.I,shall answer,your question,after class,.,4.What a,beautiful,Chinese painting!,5.They went,hunting,together,early in the,morning.,6.,His,job is,to train swimmers,.,7.He took,many photos of the palaces,in Beijing,.,8.There is going to be,an American film,tonight.,9.His wish is to become a scientist.,主语,表语,10.He