单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Puritanism,II.Puritans&Puritanism,influenced heavily by,Calvinism,to purify their religious beliefs and practices in the church,for religious freedom and determination,for greater economic opportunity,for land,and for adventure,extremely disciplined and hard,stressed hard work,thrift,piety and sobriety(清醒，严肃，节制),III.Calvinism:,TULIP,(by the acronym),T:Total hereditary depravity,U:Unconditional election,1.人人生而有罪亚当是人类的始祖，亚当的堕落必然给全人类蒙上污点，无人得以幸免,2.上帝选择有限尽管上帝是仁慈宽宏的，其被选之民数量有限，也就是说，绝非人人得以获救，能得到拯救的只是极少数,L:Limited atonement,I:Irresistible grace,P Perseverance of the saints,3.基督拯救有限即使是耶稣基督之死，其鲜血也不能拯救全人类,4.恩惠不由索取上帝的恩惠，降临时候不可阻挡，期盼它也不一定能得到 ,5.圣徒保佑清教但是，天上的众圣徒对地上的清教徒格外的照顾,IV.The Influence of American Puritanism on American Literature,Thematically,American literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest遗产，遗赠物.,The American Puritans metaphorical比喻性的 mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being使产生 a literary symbolism.,Technically,the style is fresh,simple,and direct;the rhetoric is plain and honest.,清教主义牧师坚信移民北美是上帝“垂青予他们的重演圣经中犹太人经历的时机，是上帝在其中展示力量和伟大的事件。,为了语言征服听众，布道文必须措辞明快，推论合理，形象生动，气势逼人，这就使布道文在宣传清教主义思想的同时，带上了相当的文学色彩。,清教主义崇尚率直简明，反对滥用辞藻，这本身也是一种文学特色。,布道中大量使用比喻，排比、平行、类比等修辞，更增添了文学意味。,American Romanticism,General Introduction,The romantic period covers the first half of the 19th century.It started with the publication of Washington Irvings The Sketch Book and ended with Whitmans Leaves of grass.It is a period of the great flowering of American literature and it is also called“American Renaissance.,general characteristics:moral enthusiasm,faith in value of individualism,and intuitive perception,and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.,I.Characteristics of Romanticism,Romanticism is,a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.,Romanticists affirm,the inner life of the self,and want each person to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.They believe that the,feelings,intuitions and emotions are more important than reason and common sense,and that,one could find truth through ones feelings.,2.,Romanticists think that,the world is,not a ticking watch made by God but,a living,breathing being,.,They view,nature,as a source of vivid physical beauty and as a manifestation of spirit in the universe.They stress the close relationship between,man and nature,.,3.,They emphasize,individualism,placing the individual against the group,against authority.,They see the individual at the very center of life and art.They emphasize personal freedom and freedom from formalism,(形式主义),tradition,and conformity.,4.They cherish strong interest in,the past,(esp.the medieval),the wild,irregular,the indefinite,the remote,the mysterious,and the strange,.,They look at Indians as innocent and close to nature and therefore close in touch with God.,5.,They are interested in,variety,.,Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad,lyric,sentimental comedy,problem novel,historical novel,gothic romance,metrical romance,sonnet and critical essay.,III.General Features of the Writings of American Romanticism:,As a logic result of the foreign and native factors at work,American Romanticism was both,imitative and independent,.,Foreign influences add incentive刺激，诱因 to the growth of Romanticism in America.Many English and European masters of poetry and prose all make a stimulating impact on the different departments of the countrys literature,e.g.,Sir Walter Scott The influence of Sir Walter Scott is particularly powerful and enduring.His border tales and Waverly romances inspire many American authors such as James Fenimore Cooper with irresistible creative impulses.Scott was,in a way,responsible for the romantic description of landscape in American literature.,Robert Burns and Byron both inspire and spur the American imagination for lyrics of love and passion and despair.Thus American romanticism is in a way derivative:American romantic writing is,some of them,modeled on English and European works.,imitative/,foreign influences,American Romanticism exhibit from the very beginning distinct features of its own.,1.It originated from an amalgam混合物 of factors that were altogether American rather than anything else.American romanticism was in essence the expression of“a real new experience and“an alien quality,e.g.,American“pioneering into the west romances and sketches about frontier life and Indians,Independent,/distinct features,2.,Puritan influence,over American Romanticism is conspicuously noticeable.,(American moral values are essentially Puritan.Public opinions are overwhelmingly Puritan;the Puritan atmosphere of the nation predominantly conditioned social life and cultural taste.),American Romantic authors,tend more to moralize,than their English and European brothers.American romantic writers intended to edify(教育、启迪)more than they entertained.,The“newnes