单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Pronouns,1.Classification and a brief introduction,A.Personal Pronoun,I you he she it /we you they,me you him her it /us you them,a.,Objective Pron.&Subjective Pron.,b.first person,second person,third person,Pronouns,1,B.Possessive Pronoun,a.,my your his her its our your their,b.mine yours his hers its,ours yours theirs,a.determiners,b.possessive pronouns,C.Self/Reflexive pronoun,myself yourself himself herself itself oneself,ourselves yourselves themselves,B.Possessive Pronoun,2,D.Demonstrative Pronoun,this that these those such,E.Interrogative Pron.&Conjunctive Pron.,who whom whose which what,F.Relative Pronoun,who whom whose which that,D.Demonstrative Pronoun,3,G.Indefinite Pronoun,a.some/any/every/no+body/one/thing,b.every,no,c.all,enough,many/much,some/any/other,(a)few/(a)little/several,both/either/neither,each/one/another/,none,H.Reciprocal Pronoun,one another each other,G.Indefinite Pronoun,4,2.Pronoun Reference（代词照应）,A.Personal Reference 人称照应,Demonstrative Reference 指示照应,-Crime author Agatha Christie wrote a lot of books and plays in,her,lifetime.,They,are still selling very well today,over thirty years after,her,death.,-,He,married one of,his,students,and,this/that,was known to,us,all.,2.Pronoun Reference（代词照应）,5,B.Anaphoric Reference 后照应,Crime author Agatha Christie wrote a lot of books and plays in,her,lifetime.,Cataphoric Reference 前照应,When,he,was at college,Alex was a great friend of mine.,Situational Reference 语境照应,He,married one of his students,and this/that was known to,us,all.,EX.9C,B.Anaphoric Reference 后照应,6,3.Pronoun concord with the antecedent,A.Pronoun concord in number,EX.8A,B.Pronoun concord in gender,-masculine gender(son,brother,cock,bull),-feminine gender(daughter,sister,hen,cow),-common gender(child,friend,cousin,singer),-neuter gender(book,sky,knowledge,money),EX.8B,3.Pronoun concord with the an,7,C.Pronoun concord in person,a.Pron.concord in person with the antecedent,-Parents vary greatly in,their,degree of strictness towards,their,children.,-Caswell pulled me to the hotel bar room and yelled for a waiter.,We,ordered drinks.While,we,drank,he,talked continuously about,himself,his,family,his,wife and,her,family.,b.Pron.concord in person in a text,(the example on P134),EX.8C,C.Pronoun concord in person,8,4.Personal Pronoun,4.1.subj.case or obj.case?,A,.,It was,she,who had been wrong.,It is,her,we are talking about.,It was,them,who saved the drowning girl.,a.,subjective case for subject in formal speech,b.,objective case for object,c.,objective case for subject in informal speech,B.,Open the door please.Its,me,.,What would you do if you were,him,?,a.,objective case for complement,esp.at the end of a clause,4.Personal Pronoun,9,C.-Someone will have to answer for it.,-Not,you or me,.,-Does anyone of you know where Tom lives?,-,Me,.,What!,Me,(to)play him at chess?No!,a.,objective case for subject in a sentence,without finite-verb predicate,D.Im taller than,him,.,（prep.obj.）,Im taller than,he,(is).,(conj.+clause),Im not so musical as,him/he(is),.,You sing better than,me/I(do),.,C.-Someone will have to answ,10,E.Who or whom?,1._ has offered some help?,2._,did you meet at the theatre?,3._ did you borrow the book from?,4.To,_,did you send the parcel?,5.She is a woman _ people believe may be the president of the company some day.,(1.who,2.who/whom,3.who/whom,4.whom,5.who),E.Who or whom?,11,4.2 Generic reference of Personal Pron.,a.If,you,want to see the ruins,you,must go on foot.,(you=people,including the speaker&listener),b.,You/We,eat to live,not live to eat.,(you/we=people,including the speaker&listener),4.2 Generic reference of Perso,12,c.If,one,wants to see the ruins,he/one,must find,his/ones,own guide.,(one=a person,including the speaker&listener),d.,They,say a storm is coming up.,(they=people,excluding the speaker or listener),e.,He,who/that works hard will succeed.,(he=any person),EX.9A,c.If one wants to see the rui,13,5.Reflexive pronouns,5.1.Emphatic use,a.appositive-usu.emphatic,eg.Lucy,herself,will perform the operation.,You should solve the problem,yourself,.,I like the diamond,itself,but not the setting.,b.object-sometimes emphatic,eg.He would allow no one but,himself,to operate the machine.,I dont know anything about it,why dont you ask,himself,?,She is about the same age as,you/yourself,.,5.Reflexive pronouns,14,c.Other positions,eg.,My colleague or,myself/I,will attend to the work.,Im glad to see you are,yourself,again.,Frank is not quite,himself,today.,Simplicity is,in itself,a form of beauty.,(=independently),They did the exercise,by themselves,(=without aid).,c.Other positions,15,5.2 Non-emphatic use/,usu.as Object,eg.,Behave yourself,while I am away.,We,availed ourselves of,every chance to speak English.,We are determined to,devote ourselves to,the cause of education.,They,quarreled,themselves,red in the face,.,The enemy,found,themselves,in a dilemma,.,I promised,myself,a fruitful discussion with you.,Before going to bed,she