Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Diuretics,第二十四章 利尿药,1,第一页,共三十三页。,diuretics作用于肾脏,增加电解质和水的排出,临床上主要用于治疗各种原因引起的水肿,(shuzhng),性疾病,也可用于某些非水肿,(shuzhng),性疾病,如高血压、肾结石、高血钙症等的治疗。,复习肾脏的生理,并了解利尿药的作用部位和作用机制。,内容提要,(ni rn t yo),2,第二页,共三十三页。,利尿药按照,(nzho),其作用部位分为,:,1,碳酸酐酶抑制药(carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)主要作用于近曲小管,抑制碳酸酐酶活性,利尿作用弱,本类代表药为乙酰唑胺。,2,渗透性利尿药(osmotic diuretics)也称为脱水药(dehydrant agents)。主要作用于髓袢及肾小管其他部位,代表药为甘露醇。,3,第三页,共三十三页。,3.,袢利尿药(loop diuretics)又称为高效能利尿药(high efficacy diuretics)或Na,+,-K,+,-2C1,-,同向转运子抑制药。主要作用于髓袢升支粗段,利尿作用强,代表,(dibio),药为呋塞米。,4,噻嗪类利尿药(thiazide diuretics)又称为中效能利尿药(moderate efficacy diuretics)或Na,+,-C1,-,同向转运子抑制药,主要作用于远曲小管近端,如噻嗪类等。,4,第四页,共三十三页。,5保钾利尿药(,potassium-retaining diuretics,)又称为低效能利尿药(,low efficacy diuretics,)。主要作用于远曲小管远端和集合,(jh),管,利尿作用弱,能有减少K,+,排出,如螺内酯、氨苯蝶啶等。,5,第五页,共三十三页。,学习和掌握利尿药在肾脏的作用部位,及按作用部位的分类。,每类利尿药的代表药物、它们的作用及作用机制、临床应用和不良反应。,了解,(lioji),水通道在尿生成过程中的作用。,教学基本,(jbn),要求,6,第六页,共三十三页。,A.,Glomerular filtration,Cardiac glycoside,Aminophyline,B.Tubular reabsorption,&secretion,1.Proximal tubule,Formation of urine,7,第七页,共三十三页。,1)Na,+,reabsorption,*H,+,-Na,+,exchanger:,H,+,的产生,(chnshng),需碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase,CA),CAI 可抑制该过程。,CA,H,2,OCO,2,H,2,CO,3,H,+,HCO,3,-,分泌到管腔液中,换 Na,+,8,第八页,共三十三页。,9,第九页,共三十三页。,*管腔pH降低,启动Cl,-,/base,-,exchanger,最终净吸收,(xshu),NaCl(sodium chloride),2)带水reabsorption (AQP1),2.Descending limb,只高度通透水(AQP1),3.,Ascending limb,10,第十页,共三十三页。,1),Na+reabsorption。F,urosemide,抑制该过程,(guchng),。,由 Na,+,/K,+,/2Cl,-,Cotransporter驱动,Na,+,和 2Cl,-,转运至细胞,间,间液,髓质高渗,K,+,在细胞内蓄,积,积,由 K,+,通道回管腔,管腔正电位,驱动Mg,2+,与Ca,2+,reabsorption,2)不吸,收,收水,11,第十一页,,共,共三十三页,。,。,12,第十二页,,共,共三十三页,。,。,1)Na,+,Reabsorption,Na,+,-Cl,-,cotransporter-thiazide,Na,+,-K,+,exchanger(Aldosterone facilitates),spironolactone,2)水在ADH 的,作,作用,(zuy,ng),下被大量reabsorption。,(hypertonic medulla,AQP2,3,4,6),4.Distalandcollecting tubules,13,第十三页,,共,共三十三页,。,。,H,2,O,*Water transport drivenby osmoticgradient.,*AscAMPconcentrationsfall,theAQP2removed from membrane.,14,第十四页,,共,共三十三页,。,。,Tubular transport systems and site of action of diuretics.acetazolamide,furosemide,,thiazide,aldosterone antagonists.,15,第十五页,,共,共三十三页,。,。,Classificationand,thesitesofactionofdiuretics,16,第十,六,六页,,,,共,三,三十,三,三页,。,。,DrugsSiteofaction,碳酸,酐,酐酶,抑,抑制,(y,zh),药,Proximal(,CA),carbonicanhydraseinhibitors,渗透,性,性利,尿,尿药,Proximal,/,Descendinglimb,襻利,尿,尿药,Ascendinglimb,(Na,+,/K,+,/2Cl,-,),loopd,iuretics,噻嗪,类,类,thiazide,Distal(NaCl),保钾,利,利尿,药,药,potassium-retainingdiuretics,Distal&Collecting,(Na,+,-K,+,交换,等,等),17,第十,七,七页,,,,共,三,三十,三,三页,。,。,呋塞,米,米,(速,尿,尿),furosemide,Effect,:,:,1.,利,利尿,作,作用,快,快、,强,强、,短,短。,2.,扩,扩张,(kuzh,ng),全身V,增加HF,病,病人,全,全身V容,量,量,,降,降低,左,左室,充,充盈,压,压,,减,减轻,肺,肺淤,血,血。,3.,扩,扩张,肾,肾血,管,管,,增,增加,肾,肾血,流,流量,(,(促,进,进PGs,的,的合,成,成有,关,关),。,。,Mechanismofdiuresis:,襻利,尿,尿药loopdiuretics,18,第十,八,八页,,,,共,三,三十,三,三页,。,。,Ascendinglimb,Na,+,/K,+,/2Cl,-,cotransporter,Na,+,、K,+,、Cl,-,reabsorption,髓质,间,间液,NaCl,渗透,压,压,集合,(j,h,),管重,吸,吸收,水,水,尿排,Na,+,、K,+,、Cl,-,、水,、,、*Ca,2+,、*Mg,2+,*,K,+,reabsorption,管腔,液,液,电,电位,Ca,2+,、Mg,2+,reabsorption,19,第,十,十,九,九,页,页,,,,,共,共,三,三,十,十,三,三,页,页,。,。,Uses:,1.,各,类,类,严,严,重,重,edema,(,心,心,、,、,肝,肝,、,、,肾,肾,、,、,急,急,性,性,(j,x,ng),肺,水,水,肿,肿,和,和,脑,脑,水,水,肿,肿,,,,,口,口,服,服,或,或iv,),),2.,急,急,慢,慢,性,性,renalinsufficiency,3.,加,加,速,速,毒,毒,物,物,(poison),排,泄,泄,4.,急,急,性,性,高,高,血,血,钙,钙,、,、,高,高,血,血,钾,钾,20,第,二,二,十,十,页,页,,,,,共,共,三,三,十,十,三,三,页,页,。,。,Adversereaction,Waterandelectrolyteimbalances.,低,血,血,容,容,量,量,、,、,低,低,血,血,钾,钾,、,、,钠,钠,、,、,镁,镁,。,。,2.,耳毒性,(ototoxicity),,并用,(bnyn,),氨基糖,苷,苷类易,发,发生,,且,且可致,永,永久性,耳,耳聋。,3.,高,高尿酸,血,血症。,21,第二十,一,一页,,共,共三十,三,三页。,氢氯噻,嗪,嗪,hydrochlorothiazide,Effect and Mechanism,1.利,尿,尿:温和,(wnh),、持久,噻嗪类,thiazide,22,第二十二,页,页,共三,十,十三页。,远曲小管,Na,+,/Cl,cotransporter,NaClreabsorption,尿排,Na,+,、Cl,、,水,、,*,K,+,*远曲小,管,管Na,+,集,Na,+,-K,+,交换,2.抗,利,利尿,(lnio),(机制不,清,清),3.降,压,压,23,第二十三,页,页,共三,十,十三页。,1.,各种原因,引,引起,(ynq),的轻、中,度,度水肿,2.Hypertension,3.,尿崩症,(diabetes insipidus),4.,特发性高,尿,尿钙伴有,尿,尿结石者,。,。,(,PTH,调节的远,曲,曲小管,Ca,2+,的,reabsorption,尿钙的排,出,出,)。,Uses,24,第二十四,页,页,共三,十,十三页。,Adversereaction,1.,Water and electrolyte imbalances,2.,高,高尿酸血,症,症,3.,高,高血糖,4.,高,高血脂,5.,过,过敏反应,25,第二十五,页,页,共三,十,十三页。,螺内酯,spironolactone,(,安体舒通,),Effect,1 .,利尿作用,弱,弱、慢、,久,久,2.,体,体内Ald水平,(shu,png),时,作用,明,明显,保钾利尿,药,药,potassium-retainingdiuretics,26,第二十六,页,页,共三,十,十三页。,Mechanism,与,Ald,竞争远曲,小,小管和集,合,合管上皮,C,内,Ald,受体,Ald,受体复,合,合物的形,成,成,(xngchng),产生,Ald,相反的,Effect,排,Na,+,、水,保,K,+,As acompetitiveantagonistof aldosterone.,27,第二十七,页,页,共三,十,十三页。,Uses,1.,各种与,Ald,升高有关,(yugun),的水肿(肝、肾,、,、心)。,(adrenaltumor or hyperplasia).Alsousefulin pts withsecondarilyelevatedaldosterone,i.e.cirrhosis.,2.CHF,Adversereaction,:,:,hyperkalemia,(Potassium sparing diuretics),28,第二十八,页,页,共三,十,十三页。,二药化学,结,结构不同,但,Effect,相似,(xin s,),。,Potassium sparing diuretics,但并非通,过,过对抗,Ald,,切除肾,上,上腺的动,物,物仍有效,。,。抑制远,曲,曲和集合,管,管,Na,+,重吸收。,Amiloride,高浓度尚,可,可抑制,Na,+,-H,+,交换和,Na,+,-Ca,2+,交换,(antiporters),。,氨苯喋啶,triamterene,阿米洛利,amiloride,29,第二十九,页,页,共三,十,十三页。,乙酰唑胺,acetaz