,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,近代物理学史英文,近代物理学史英文,1,目录,Contents,经典物理学,现代物理学革命的序幕,相对论,量子力学,原子结构理论的发展,第1页/共28页,目录Contents经典物理学第1页/共28页,2,一、经典物理学,/Classical Physics,Galileo and Newton,who founded in the 17th century classical physics,.,After the expansion of the various basic sectors in nineteenth Century to eighteenth Century to get a comprehensive,systematic and rapid development reached its glorious peak,由,伽利略,(15641642),和牛顿,(16421727),等人于,17,世纪创立的,经典物理学。经过,18,世纪在各个基础部门的拓展到,19,世纪得到了全面、系统和迅速的发展达到了它辉煌的顶峰。,第2页/共28页,一、经典物理学/Classical PhysicsGalil,3,By the end of the 19th century,we had built a including force,heat,sound,light,electricity,the different disciplines of grand complete theoretical system.,到,19,世纪末，已建成了一个包括力、热、声、光、电诸学科在内的、宏伟完整的理论体系。,20 s of this century the theory of quantum mechanics describes the behavior of the micro object provides a new framework,changed our most basic measuring principle,and to understand the structure of atomic,molecular,and condensed matter paved the,way.,第3页/共28页,By the end of the 19th century,4,本世纪,20,年代创立的量子力学理论为描述微观物体的行为提供了一个全新的框架，改变了我们最基本的测量原理，并为了解原子、分子和凝聚态物质的结构铺平了道路。因而导致了诸如半导体、光通讯等新兴技术的崛起，并为研制奇异材料和激光器件开辟了道路,Thus led to the rise of emerging technologies such as semiconductor,optical communication,and opened up a road to singular material and laser devices,第4页/共28页,本世纪20年代创立的量子力学理论为描述微观物体的行为提供了一,5,经典力学,/Classical Mechanics,In l687 published the mathematical principle of natural philosophy,Newton put forward three basic principle of dynamics and the law of universal gravitation.,在,l687,年出版的,自然哲学的数学原理,中，牛顿提出了,动力学的三个基本原理和万有引力定律,。,第5页/共28页,经典力学/Classical MechanicsIn l68,6,3.Newton summed up it in a tightly unified theory,realized for the first time in the history of modern physics comprehensive theory.,4.,牛顿把它概括在一个严密的统一理论中，实现了近代物理学发展史上第一次理论大综合。,第6页/共28页,3.Newton summed up it in a tig,7,热力学,/Thermodynamics,The establishment of the principle of conservation of energy,make the thought and theory of physics structure obtained brilliant progress is a great victory in 19th century natural science is also the second theory of large integrated in the development of modern physics,第7页/共28页,热力学/ThermodynamicsThe establis,8,能量守恒原理的建立，使物理学思想和理论结构获得了辉煌的进展是,19,世纪自然科学上的一个伟大胜利也是近代物理学发展中的第二次理论大综合,第8页/共28页,能量守恒原理的建立，使物理学思想和理论结构获得了辉煌的进展是,9,二、现代物理学革命的序幕,The prelude of the modern physics revolution,Three discoveries at the end of the nineteenth Century,19,世纪末的三大发现,1,Discovery of X rays/X,射线的发现,2,Discovery of radioactivity/,放射性,的,发现,3,D,iscoverer of the electron/,电子,的,发现,第9页/共28页,二、现代物理学革命的序幕The prelude of th,10,1,Discovery of X rays,Willhelm Konrad Rotgen,Roentgen discovered x-rays in November 1895,a new radiation has a strong penetrating power,it is produced by cathode ray hit on the glass wall;It can penetrate through the one thousand-page book,a few centimeters thick plank,15 mm thick aluminium,and photographic methods are available through the outline of human body bone and metal objects internal defects,第10页/共28页,1Discovery of X raysWillhelm,11,1895,年,11,月伦琴发现,X,射线，一种具有强穿透力的新的射线，它是由阴极射线打到玻璃管壁上所产生的；它可以穿透厚达一千页的书、几厘米厚的木板、,15,毫米厚的铝片，并可用照相的方法透过人体显示骨骼的轮廓和金属物体内部的缺陷,第11页/共28页,1895年11月伦琴发现X射线，一种具有强穿透力的新的射线，,12,Roentgen discovered x-rays in November 1895,the first won the 1901 Nobel Prize for physics,1895,年,11,月伦琴发现,X,射线，获得了,1901,年首届诺贝尔物理学奖,第12页/共28页,Roentgen discovered x-rays in,13,2,Discovery of radioactivity,Half awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1903 French physicist H,enri,B,ecquerel,discovered by giving him the spontaneous radiation;Half awarded to the French physicist Pierre Curie(Pierre Curie,1859-1906)and Mary Mr Rove,Curie(Marie Sklodowska,1867-1934),for they found radiation phenomenon of,Henri,B,ecquerel,made outstanding contributions.,第13页/共28页,2 Discovery of radioactivityH,14,1903,年诺贝尔物理学奖一半授予法国物理学家亨利,贝克勒尔以表彰他发现了自发放射性；另一半授予法国物理学家皮埃尔,居里（,Pierre Curie,1859-1906,）和玛丽,斯可罗夫斯卡,居里（,Marie Sklodowska,1867-1934,）,以表彰他们对贝克勒尔发现的辐射现象所作的卓越贡献。,第14页/共28页,1903年诺贝尔物理学奖一半授予法国物理学家亨利贝克勒尔以,15,3,Discoverer of the electron,Joseph Thomson made important contribution to gas discharge theory and experiment research and found that electronic and won the 1906 Nobel Prize for physics,约瑟夫,汤姆生（,J.J.,汤姆逊）（英国）对气体放电理论和实验研究作出重要贡献并发现电子而获得了,1906,年诺贝尔物理学奖,第15页/共28页,3Discoverer of the electronJo,16,三、相对论,/Relativity,Albert Einstein,Albert Einstein was acknowledged to be the greatest physicist since Galileo and Newton,爱因斯坦,被公认为是继伽利略、牛顿以来最伟大的物理学家。,On December 26,1999,Einstein is the United States time magazine named the great man of the century,1999,年,12,月,26,日，爱因斯坦被美国,时代周刊,评选为“世纪伟人”。,第16页/共28页,三、相对论/Relativity Albert Einste,17,Slovenia physicist Joseph Francisco and Austrian physicist Ludwig,B,oltzmann,respectively in 1879 and in 1884 put forward independently,斯洛文尼亚物理学家约瑟夫,斯特藩（,Joef Stefan,）和 奥地利物理学家路德维希,玻尔兹曼（,Ludwig Edward Boltzmann,）分别于,1879,年和,1884,年各自独立提出,Stefan-Boltzmann law,四、量子力学,（,Quantum Mechanics,）,第17页/共28页,Slovenia physicist Joseph Fran,18,Max Plank,1858-1947,Plancks radiation law,Due to the Plancks