*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.,Thinking Like an Economist,像经济学家一样思考,Chapter 2,1,The Economist as a Scientist,作为科学家的经济学家,The economic way of thinking.,经济学思考方法,Involves thinking analytically,and,objectively.,客观地分析与思考。,Makes use of the,scientific method.,利用,科学的方法。,2,The Scientific Method,Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex,real world operates.,Develops theories,collects,and analyzes data to prove the theories.,Observation,Theory and More Observation!,3,科学方法,利用抽象的模型帮助解释复杂的真实世界如何运行。,形成理论，收集并分析数据来验证理论。,观察,理论,，,更多的观察,4,Economic Models,Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world,Two of the most basic economic models include:,The Circular Flow Model,The Production Possibilities Frontier,5,经济模型,经济学家利用模型来简化真实世界，使我们更好地理解这个世界。,两个最根本的经济学模型是：,循环流向图,生产可能性边界,6,The Circular-Flow Model,经济循环流向图,The,circular-flow model,is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.,循环流向图,一个直观地说明一个经济体内家庭和企业之间的经济交易行为的简单方式。,7,The Circular-Flow Diagram,Firms,Households,Market for,Factors,of Production,Market for,Goods,and Services,Spending,Revenue,Wages,rent,and profit,Income,Goods&Services sold,Goods&Services bought,Labor,land,and capital,Inputs for production,8,经济循环图,企业,家庭,生产要素,市场,物品与劳务,市场,支出,收入,工资、租金,和利润,收入,销售商品,和服务,购买商品,和服务,劳动、土地,和资本,生产投入,9,The Circular-Flow Diagram,经济循环图,Factors of Production,生产要素,Inputs used to produce goods and services,用于生产物品与劳务的投入,Land,labor,and capital,土地、劳动和资本,10,The Production Possibilities Frontier,The,production possibilities frontier,is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.,11,生产可能性边界,生产可能性边界,表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。,12,The Production Possibilities Frontier,生产可能性边界,Quantity of,Computers,Produced,Quantity of,Cars Produced,3,000,1,000,2,000,2,200,A,700,600,300,0,1,000,B,C,D,Production,possibilities,frontier,电脑产量,汽车产量,生产,可能性边界,13,Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier,Efficiency,Tradeoffs,Opportunity Cost,Economic Growth,14,生产可能性边界说明的概念,效率,权衡取舍,时机本钱,经济增长,15,Microeconomics and Macroeconomics,Microeconomics,focuses on the individual parts of the economy.,How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets,Macroeconomics,looks at the economy as a whole.,How the markets,as a whole,interact at the national level.,16,微观经济学与宏观经济学,微观经济学 的研究对象是经济中的个体,家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在特定市场上相互交易。,宏观经济学 研究经济总表达象。,从总体上看，各种市场在国家水平上如何相互影响。,17,Two Roles of Economists,经济学家的两个角色,When they are trying to explain the world,they are scientists.,当他们努力去解释世界时，他们是科学家。,When they are trying to change the world,they are policy advisors.,当他们想要改变世界时，他们是政策参谋。,18,Positive versus Normative Analysis,Positive statements,are statements that describe the world as it is.,Called,descriptive,analysis,Normative statements,are statements about how the world should be.,Called,prescriptive,analysis,19,实证分析与标准分析,实证表述 是企图描述世界是什么的观点。,被称为描述性分析。,标准表述 是企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。,被称为命令性分析。,20,?,?,Positive or Normative Statements?实证性还是标准性表述？,An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.,提高最低工资水平会导致最低技能工人的就业减少。,Positive,实证性,21,?,?,?,?,Positive or Normative Statements?实证性还是标准性表述？,The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.,提高最低工资水平得到的利益比由此带来的稍微的就业减少造成的损失大,Positive 标准性,22,Economists in Washington.,.,serve as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:,Legislative,Executive,Judicial,23,华盛顿的经济学家.,.在以下三个政府部门的政策制定过程中充当参谋：,立法,行政,司法,24,Economists,in Washington,Some government agencies that collect economic data and make economic policy:,Department of Commerce,Bureau of Labor Statistics,Congressional Budget Office,Federal Reserve Board,25,华盛顿,的经济学家,一些收集经济数据并制定经济政策的政府部门:,商务部,劳工统计局,国会预算办公室,联邦储藏委员会,26,小结,经济学家,像科学家一样客观地来研究他们的学科,。,为了理解周围的世界，经济学家进行适当的假设并建立简单的模型。,两个,简单的经济模型是经济循环图和生产可能性边界。,27,小结,经济学分为两个领域：微观经济学和宏观经济学。,微观经济学家研究市场中的家庭和企业所作的决策。,宏观经济学家研究影响整体经济的力量和趋势。,28,小结,经济学依赖实证分析和标准分析。,实证表述是关于世界是什么的论断。,标准表述是关于世界应该是什么的论断。,当经济学家做标准性表述时，与其说其是科学家，不如说其是政策参谋。,29,小结,给,政策制定者提供建议的经济学家提出相互冲突的建议，这是因为科学判断的不同，或者是价值观的不同。,在,其他一些时候，经济学家在他们提供的建议上相互一致，但是政策制订者可能选择不采纳。,30,