Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,The History and Development of Cybernetics,The History and Development of Cybernetics,事理学的历史与发展,Presented by The George Washington University in Cooperation with,The American Society for Cybernetics,The History and Development of Cybernetics,The History and Development of Cybernetics,事理学的历史与发展,History of Cybernetics,Many years ago . . .,很久以前,The things a person had to understand to get through life were relatively uncomplicated.,一个人要从生活中理解的事情相对来说还不是很复杂。,Relative Complication,Every object or process, which we shall refer to as a system, was relatively simple.,每一个物体或者过程，如果我们可称之为一个系统，都还相对简单。,Objects & Processes,In fact, up until the last few hundred years, it was possible for some people to master a significant portion of mans existing knowledge.,事实上，一直到最近的几百年前，对于某些人而言，他们一个人就有可能掌握人类现存知识体系中相当重要的一部分。,Knowledge Mastery,Leonardo,DaVinci,Leonardo Da Vinci was a leader in the fields of painting . .,达芬奇是绘画领域的领军人物,.,Da Vinci,Painting,. . . sculpture . . .,但同时也是雕塑领域的,Da Vinci, cont.,Sculpture,. . . anatomy . . .,也是解剖学专家,Da Vinci, cont.,Anatomy,. . . architecture . . .,建筑学专家,Da Vinci, cont.,Architecture,. . . weapons engineering, and . . .,武器制造工程师,而且还是,Da Vinci, cont.,Weapons Engineering,. . . aeronautical engineering. This is his sketch for a 16th century flying machine . . .,航空工程师。这是他画的,16,世纪的飞行器的草图,Da Vinci, cont.,Aeronautical Engineering,. . . and for a parachute in case the machine broke down.,如果飞行器出了问题，这是降落伞的草图。,Da Vinci, cont.,Aeronautical Engineering, cont.,As time passed, the systems that humans were concerned with became . . .,随着时间的推移，人类所关注的系统开始变得,Complexity,复杂性,Systems Complexity,. . . more and more complicated.,越来越复杂。,Systems Complexity, cont.,Transportation systems alone have become more complex . . .,只是交通系统就已经变得更复杂了,Systems Complexity, cont.,. . . and more complex . . .,而且越来越复杂,Systems Complexity, cont.,. . . and more complex . . .,越来越复杂,Systems Complexity, cont.,. . . and more complex . . .,越来越复杂,Systems Complexity, cont.,. . . as have energy systems.,能源系统也是如此。,Systems Complexity, cont.,Some people have suggested that technology . . .,有些人建议技术,Technology Advances,. . . is advancing so rapidly it . . .,发展得如此迅猛,Technology Advances, cont.,. . . is outpacing our ability to control it.,已经超出了我们能够控制的能力了。,Technology Advances, cont.,Three Mile Island,Clearly, it is no longer possible for one person to keep up with developments in all fields, let alone be a leader in many of them, as Leonardo Da Vinci was.,很显然，像达芬奇那样一个人能够在许多领域发展并成为各个领域的领军人物已经不再可能了。,Keeping up with Developments,Specialization has become a necessity. How then, do we live and work effectively in a technically advanced society?,专业化成为了一种必须。那么，我们怎么样才能有效地生活和工作在一个技术高度发达的社会中呢？,How to Live and Work in a Technically Advanced Society?,Underlying Principles,Is there a way that you, the modern man or woman, can sort through the complexity, formulate a set of principles underlying all systems and thereby enhance your ability to regulate the world in which you live?,你，作为一个现代人，有可能在这些复杂性当中寻找出一系列适用于所有系统的原则，并由此而提高自己的能力来调节你所居住的这个世界吗？,Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems,事理学 系统的调节,This question was of interest to a handful of people in the 1940s who were the pioneers in a field that has become known as Cybernetics, the science of the regulation of systems.,1940,年的时候，有一批人对这个问题产生了兴趣，他们成了这个的领域的探索先锋，该领域后来被称为事理学，也就是如何调节系统的科学。,Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems,Cybernetics is an interdisciplinary science that looks at any and all systems from molecules . . .,事理学是一门跨学科科学，研究的是任何一种系统，小到分子,Cybernetics,an Interdisciplinary Science,. . . to galaxies, with special attention to machines, animals and societies.,大到银河系，对机器、动物和社会也有特别的关注。,What Cybernetics Looks at,Cybernetics is derived from the Greek word for steersman or helmsman, who provides the control system for a boat or ship.,Cybernetics,这个词是从希腊语的舵手,steersman or helmsman,来的，舵手就是在船上控制船系统的人。,Derivation of Cybernetics,This word was coined in 1948 and defined as a science by Norbert Wiener, who was born in 1894 and died in 1964. He became known as the Father of Cybernetics.,这个词在,1948,年由,Norbert Wiener,借用来定义了这门科学。,Wiener,生于,1894,，死于,1964,，是公认的事理学之父。,Norbet Weiner,Wiener was an applied mathematician, biologist, and electrical engineer. He worked during World War II on the radar-guided anti-aircraft gun.,Wiener,本人是应用数学家、生物学家和电子工程师。在二战期间，他研发了雷达控制的防空高炮。,Wiener,Radar,He connected a special radar to the gun so that it was aimed automatically at the enemy aircraft. After the gun was fired, the radar quickly determined the changing location of the plane and re-aimed the gun until the plane was shot down.,他在高射炮上连上了一个特殊的雷达装置，会自动瞄准敌人的飞机。在炮弹发射后，雷达会快速确定飞机的变化位置并重新瞄准飞机，直至飞机被击落。,Weiner,Radar, cont.,The system imitated human functions and performed them more effectively.,这个系统模拟人的功能，并且比人更为有效。,Wiener,Radar and Human Factor Imitation,Feedback,反馈,The anti-aircraft gun demonstrates the cybernetic principle of feedback. Feedback is information about the results of a process which is used to change the process. The radar provided information about the changes in location of the enemy airplane and this information was used to correct the aiming of the gun.,高射防空炮运用了事理学中的反馈原理。反馈是有关过程结果的信息，这个结果反过来又被用来改变过程。雷达提供了敌人飞机的方位的变化信息来调节高射炮的瞄准。,Feedback,A more familiar example of the use of feedback to regulate a system is the common thermostat for heating a room.,使用反馈来调节系统的一个更为普遍的例子是供暖系统中的温度计。,Feedback,Thermostat,Room Temperature Rises to 70,0,房间温度到了华氏,70,If the heating system is adjusted, as is common, to allow a maximum of 2 degrees variation, when the thermostat is set at 68 degrees the temperature will rise to 70 degrees . . .,如果供暖系统被调整为允许华氏,2 ,的误差时，当温度计设定在华氏,68,时，实际温度会上升到华氏,70,Thermostat Feedback Example,Room Temperature Rises to 70,0,房间温度上升到,70,Furnace Turns Off,炉子关闭,. . . before a temperature sensor in the thermostat triggers the furnace to turn off.,这时候，温度计中的感应器才会把炉子关闭。,Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.,Room Temperature Rises to 70,0,房间温度上升到华氏,70,Room Temperature Falls to 66,0,房间温度下降到华氏,66,Furnace Turns Off,炉子关闭,The furnace will remain off until the temperature of the room has fallen to 66 degrees . . .,炉子会一直关闭直到房间温度低于,66,Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.,Furnace Turns On,开,Room Temperature Rises to 70,0,到华氏,70,Furnace Turns Off,关,Room Temperature Falls to 66,0,低于华氏,66,. . . then the sensor in the thermostat triggers the furnace to turn on again.,然后感应器会再次启动炉子,Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.,Self Regulating System,自我调节系统,The sensor provides a feedback loop of information that allows the system to detect a difference from the desired temperature of 68 degrees and to make a change to correct the error. As with the anti-aircraft gun and the airplane, this system consisting of the thermostat, the heater and the room is said to regulate itself through feedback and is a self-regulating system.,感应器提供了一个信息反馈环，使得系统能够发觉到房间温度与,68,的理想温度之间的差异，从而做出变动来改正错误。与高射炮与飞机一样，这个系统包括了温度调节计、供暖器与房间，被认为能够通过反馈来调节自身，是一个自我调节系统。,Self Regulating System,The human body is one of the richest sources of examples of feedback that leads to the regulation of a system. For example, when your stomach is empty, information is passed to your brain.,人类的身体是一个具有丰富的反馈系统的例子，能够调节系统。例如，你的胃空了的时候，信息被传递到你的大脑。,Human Body,Feedback Leading to System Regulation,When you have taken corrective action, by eating, your brain is similarly notified that your stomach is satisfied.,当你吃了东西，也就是做了正确的纠错动作之后，你的大脑就类似于被通知说，你的胃已经满意了。,Feedback,Corrective Action,Time,时间,Stomach Feels Empty,胃空了,Person Eats,吃,Stomach Feels Full,饱了,In a few hours, the process starts all over again. This feedback loop continues throughout our lives.,几个小时后，这个过程会再次开始。这个反馈环贯穿我们一生。,Feedback,Hunger Example,The human body is such a marvel of self-regulation that early cyberneticians studied its processes and used it as a model to design machines that were self-regulating. One famous machine called the homeostat was constructed in the 1940s by a British scientist, Ross Ashby.,人类的身体是如此惊奇的一个自我调节系统，早期的事理学家们研究其过程并将其作为设计自我调节机器的模型。内稳态模拟器是一个非常有名的机器，是,1940,年代由英国的一个科学家叫做,Ross Ashby,的发明的。,Human Body and Cybernetics Studies,Just as the human body maintains a 98.6 degree temperature the homeostat could maintain the same electrical current, despite changes from the outside.,就像人体保持华氏,98.6,的体温一样，内稳态模拟器能够不受外界的影响而维持同样的电流。,Homeostat,Homeostasis,内稳态,The homeostat, the human being, and the thermostat all are said to maintain homeostasis or equilibrium, through feedback loops of various kinds. It does not matter how the information is carried just that the regulator is informed of some change which calls for some kind of adaptive behavior.,内稳态模拟器，人类，还有温度计都是通过各种不同的反馈环在保持一个内稳态或者平衡。信息怎么运载的并不重要，不过是调节器被通知有一些变化，需要做一些调整行为。,Another scientist, Grey Walter, also pursued the concept of imitating the self-regulating features of man and animals.,另外一个科学家，,Grey Walter,，也研究了模拟人与动物的自我调节的概念。,Grey Walter,Self Regulating Man and Animals,His favorite project was building mechanical tortoises that would, like this live tortoise, move about freely and have certain attributes of an independent life.,他最钟爱的项目就是制造机器,”,乌龟“，它可以像这个活的真乌龟一样可以自由走动，并且具有一个独立生命体的某些特征。,Grey Walter,Mechanical Tortoises,Walter is pictured here with his wife Vivian, their son Timothy, and Elsie the tortoise. Elsie has much in common with Timothy. Just as Timothy seeks out food, which is stored in his body in the form of fat, Elsie seeks out light which she feeds on and transforms into electrical energy which charges an accumulator inside her. Then shes ready for a nap, just like Timothy after a meal, in an area of soft light.,这是,Walter,与他妻子及儿子,Timothy,的照片，还有那个机器乌龟,Elsie,。,Elsie,与,Timothy,有许多相似之处。正如,Timothy,会寻找食物，然后在身体里以脂肪的形式储存起来，,Elsie,会寻找光，并将光转换成电能储存在身体的蓄电池中。然后就像,Timothy,吃饭后要小憩一样，,Elsie,也会在柔和的光亮处休息一会儿。,Grey Walter and Family,Although Elsies behavior imitates that of a human, her anatomy is very different. This is what Elsie looks like underneath her shell.,尽管,Elsie,的行为是模拟人类的，她的构造可完全不一样。左图的照片就是壳子下面她的构造。,The Anatomy of Elsie,She looks a lot more like the inside of a transistor radio than . . .,她更像是一个晶体管收音机的内部构造,Simulating a Human,s Function,. . . the inside of a human body. But as a cybernetician, Walter was not interested in imitating the physical form of a human being, but in simulating a humans functions.,而不像一个人。但是作为一个事理学家，,Walter,的兴趣并不在于模拟人类的身体形式，而是要模拟人类的功能。,Simulating a Human,s Function,“,What Is This Thing?”,这个东西是什么？,“,What Does it Do?”,它是做什么的？,Cybernetics does not ask . . .,事理学家询问的不是,. . . but . . .,而是,Not What Is, but What Does it Do?,Grey Walter did not attempt to simulate the physical form of a human, as does a sculptor, but to simulate human functions.,Grey Walter,并不想像雕塑家一样去模拟人的身体形态，而是要模仿人的行为功能。,Simulating Human Functions,Not as Objects,并不是一个物体,Processes,一个过程,In other words, he viewed humans . .,换句话说，他看人体,.,. . . but as . . .,而是,Not Objects, but Processes,For centuries, people have designed machines to help with human tasks and not just tasks requiring muscle power.,几个世纪以来，人类设计了帮助人们完成任务的机器，这些任务并不仅仅是用肌肉力量就可以完成的。,图为音乐木偶（像八音盒那样的机器）。,Designs to Help with Human Tasks,Automata, such as the little moving figures of people or animals that emerge from cuckoo clocks and music boxes, were popular in the 1700s and machines capable of thinking were a subject for speculation long before the electronic computer was invented.,像报时的布谷鸟钟与八音盒这样的模拟人或动物行为的自动控制在,1700,年代很流行，能够思考的机器早在电脑发明前很久就一直是人类所向往的。,Automata,Macy Foundation Meetings1946 1953,梅西会议,From 1946 to 1953 there was a series of meetings to discuss feedback loops and circular causality in self-regulating systems.,1946,到,1953,，有一系列的会议在讨论自我调节系统中的反馈环与循环因果关系。,The meetings, sponsored by the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, were interdisciplinary, attended by engineers, mathematicians, neurophysiologists, and others.,由梅西基金会赞助的会议是一个跨学科会议，集中了工程师、数学家、神经生理学家以及其他许多领域的专家。,Macy Foundation Meetings,The chairman of these meetings, Warren McCulloch, wrote that these scientists had great difficulty understanding each other, because each had his or her own professional language.,这些会议的主席，,Warren McCulloch,，写道这些科学家很难彼此理解，因为每个人都在用自己的专业语言。,Professionals Speak Different Languages,There were heated arguments that were so exciting that Margaret Mead, who was in attendance, once did not even notice that she had broken a tooth until after the meeting.,会议的讨论非常激烈，以至于,Margaret Mead,在一次会议之后才发现她在会上把自己的一颗牙咬坏了。,Margaret Mead Breaks A Tooth,The later meetings went somewhat more calmly as the members developed a common set of experiences.,后来的会议就较为平和了，因为大家有了一系列共同的经验，语言趋同一致，可以互相理解了。,Meetings Calm with Common Experiences,These meetings, along with the 1948 publication of Norbert Wieners book titled Cybernetics, served to lay the groundwork for the development of cybernetics as we know it today.,这些会议，与,1948,年,Norbert Wiener,的,事理学,一书一起，奠定了我们今天所知的事理学的基础。,Laying the Groundwork for Cybernetics,Here is a photograph taken in the 1950s of the four prominent early cyberneticians that you have already met. From left to right they are: Ross Ashby of homeostat fame; Warren McCulloch, organizer of the Macy,Foundation meetings; Grey Walter, creator of Elsie, the tortoise; and Norbert Wiener, who suggested that the field be called Cybernetics.,下图为,1950,年代拍摄的,4,位著名的事理学家。从左至右为：内稳态模拟器的,Ross Ashby,，梅西会议的组织者,Warren McCulloch,，乌龟,Elsie,的创造者,Grey Walter,，及将学科名称建议为事理学的,Norbert Wiener,。,Prominent Early Cyberneticians,Neurophysiology,神经生理学,+Mathematics,数学,+Philosophy,哲学,Warren McCulloch was a key figure in enlarging the scope of cybernetics. Although a psychiatrist by training, McCulloch combined his knowledge of neurophysiology, mathematics, and philosophy to better understand a very complex system . . .,Warren McCulloch,是扩大事理学范畴上的一位重要人物。作为一位经过训练的精神病专家，他将自己在神经生理学、数学与物理的知识结合起来以更好地理解复杂系统。,Neurophysiology, Mathematics, and Philosophy,. . . the human nervous system.,和人类的神经系统。,The Human Nervous System,He believed that the functioning of the nervous system could be described in the precise language of mathematics.,他相信神经系统的功能能够用非常精确的数学语言来描述。,Human Nervous System and Mathematical Equations,For example, he developed an equation which explained the fact that when a cold object such as an ice cube touches the skin for a brief instant, paradoxically it gives the sensation of heat rather than cold.,例如，他开发出一个方程式，用来解释了这样一个事实，就是当一个冰块在短暂的时间内碰触到皮肤的时候，皮肤会很荒谬地感觉到热而不是冷。,Cold = Hot,Neurophysiology,神经生理学,+Mathematics,数学,+Philosophy,哲学,McCulloch used not only mathematics and neurophysiology to understand the nervous system but also philosophy a rare combination. Scientists and philosophers are often considered miles apart in their interests scientists study real, concrete, . . .,Warren McCulloch,不仅用数学与神经生理学来理解神经系统，他还用到了哲学，这是一种很少见的组合。科学家与哲学家通常被认为是风马牛不相及的学科，科学家研究真实的、具体的,Neurophysiology, Mathematics and Philosophy,. . . physical things, like plants, . . .,物质的事物，例如植物,Plants,. . . animals, . .,动物, .,Animals,. . . and minerals, while philosophers, . .,矿石，而哲学家们,.,Minerals,. . . study abstract things like ideas, thoughts, and concepts.,研究的是抽象的东西，像想法、思想以及概念。,Abstract Ideas, Thoughts, and Concepts,Epistemology = Study of Knowledge,认识论 知识的学习,McCulloch could see that there is a connection between the science of neurophysiology and a branch of philosophy called epistemology, which is the study of knowledge.,Warren McCulloch,能够发现在作为科学的神经生理学与哲学的一个分枝,认识论，也就是知识的学习,之间有一种联系。,Epistemology = Study of Knowledge,While knowledge is usually considered invisible and abstract, McCulloch realized that knowledge is formed in a physical organ of the body, the brain.,而知识通常被认为是不可见的，是抽象的，,Warren McCulloch,认识到知识是在人体的一个物理器官中形成的，即大脑。,Knowledge,Formed in the Brain,Physical,Abstract,物质的抽象的,Brain Mind Knowledge,大脑心灵知识,The mind is, in fact, the meeting place between the brain and an idea, between the physical and the abstract, between science and philosophy.,心灵事实上是大脑与想法、物质的与抽象的，科学与哲学的交汇处。,The Mind,The Meeting Place Between the Brain and an Idea,Philosophical,哲学的,Physical,物理的,Experimental Epistemology,实验认识论,McCulloch founded a new field of study based on this intersection of the physical and the philosophical. This field of study he called experimental epistemology, the study of knowledge through neurophysiology. The goal was to explain how the activity of a nerve network results in what we experience as feelings and ideas.,McCulloch,根据自己对物理与哲学交集的研究建立了一个新的领域。他将此称为”实验认识论“，用神经生理学来研究知识。目的在于要解释神经网络的活动是怎样产生我们所体验的感觉与想法的。,Experimental Epistemology,Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems,事理学 系统的调节,Why is McCullochs work so important to cyberneticians? Remember, cybernetics is the science of the regulation of systems.,McCulloch,的工作为什么对事理学这么重要呢？要记住，事理学是系统的调节的科学。,Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems,The human brain is perhaps the most remarkable regulator of all, regulating the human body as well as many other systems in its environment. A theory of how the brain operates is a theory of how all of human knowledge is generated.,人类的大脑大概是所有的东西中最为非凡的调节器，调节着人的身体以及在自己环境中的许多其他系统。大脑是怎么运作的理论就是人类的知识是怎样产生出来的理论。,Human Brain,The Most Remarkable Regulator of All,Whereas an anti-aircraft gun and a thermostat are devices constructed by people to regulate certain systems, the mind is a system that constructs itself and regulates itself. We shall say more about this phenomenon in a few minutes.,高射防空炮与温度计是人造出来调节某些系统的，心灵是一个创立自己并调节自己的系统。我们马上就会更多地加以介绍。,Mind,Regulates Itself,Other Concepts in Cybernetics,事理学的其他概念,Now that we have touched on some of the key people, their interests, and their contributions, we shall look at a few additional concepts in cybernetics.,我们介绍了一些主要人物、他们的兴趣及他们的贡献，我们还要看一些更多的概念。,Other Cybernetic Concepts,Law of Requisite Variety,必要变异度定律,One important concept is the law of requisite variety. This law states that as a system becomes more complex, the controller of that system must also become more complex, because there are more functions to regulate. In other words, the more complex the system that is being regulated, the more complex the regulator of the system must be.,一个重要的概念就是必要变异度定律。当一个系统变得越来越复杂的时候，系统的控制者一定也要变得更为复杂，因为有更多的功能需要调节。换言之，要调节的系统越复杂，系统的调节者就必须越复杂。,Law of Requisite Variety,Lets return to our example of a thermostat.,回到温度计的例子。,Thermostat Example, Revisited,If a house has only a furnace, the thermostat can be quite simple since it controls only the furnace.,如果屋子只有炉子，那温度计就可以相对简单，因为它只要控制炉子就行了。,Furnace = Simplicity,However, if the house has both a furnace and an air conditioner, the thermostat must be more complex it will have more switches, knobs, or buttons since it must control two processes both heating and cooling.,如果房子里既有炉子也有空调，温度计就会更复杂些，更多的开关、按钮，因为它必须控制加热和制冷两个过程。,Furnace + Air Conditioner = Complexity,The same principle applies to living organisms. Human beings have the most complex nervous system and brain of any of the animals. This allows them to engage in many different activities and to have complex bodies.,同样的原理适用于活器官。人类具备任何一种动物中最为复杂的神经网络与大脑。这使得人能够从事许多不同的活动，具备复杂的身体。,Humans,Most Complex Nervous System,In contrast, some animals such as the starfish, . . .,相反，某些动物，例如海星,Starfish System,. . . sea cucumber, . . .,海参,Sea Cucumber System,. . . and sea anemone have no centralized brain, but only a simple nerve network, which is all that is required to regulate the simpler bodies and functions of these sea animals. In summary, the more complex the animal, the more complex the brain needs to be.,还有海葵就没有中心大脑，而只有简单的神经网络，要调节简单的身体及这些海洋生物的功能，有这些就足够了。总而言之，生物体越复杂，大脑就需要越复杂。,More Complex the Animal, the More complex the Brain,The law of requisite variet